Method of establishing an oscillator clock signal

ABSTRACT

A hybrid numeric-analog clock synchronizer, for establishing a clock or carrier locked to a timing reference. The clock may include a framing component. The reference may have a low update rate. The synchronizer achieves high jitter rejection, low phase noise and wide frequency range. It can be integrated on chip. It may comprise a numeric time-locked loop (TLL) with an analog phase-locked loop (PLL). Moreover a high-performance number-controlled oscillator (NCO), for creating an event clock from a master clock according to a period control signal. It processes edge times rather than period values, allowing direct control of the spectrum and peak amplitude of the justification jitter. Moreover a combined clock-and-frame asynchrony detector, for measuring the phase or time offset between composite signals. It responds e.g. to event clocks and frame syncs, enabling frame locking with loop bandwidths greater than the frame rate.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.13/041,578, filed Mar. 7, 2011, which is a Continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 12/352,157 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,924,099), filedJan. 12, 2009, which is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.10/552,364 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,495,516), filed Jun. 9, 2006, which is aNational Stage Application of PCT/GB03/01441 filed on Apr. 2, 2003. Thecontents of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/041,578, U.S. application Ser.No. 12/352,157, U.S. application Ser. No. 10/552,364, and PCT/GB03/01441are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the establishment of clocks andcarriers that are phase/time locked, frequency locked or frequency ratiolocked to timing reference signals.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In electronic systems, clocks and carriers abound. They are theheartbeat of synchronous circuits such as microprocessors. They are usedto construct communications signals for transmission, and to recoverdata from received signals. They regulate the sampling ofcontinuous-time signals, and the conversion of discrete-time signalsinto continuous-time form. They are modulated to carry information inelevated frequency bands, and are instrumental in demodulation.

Clock quality has a direct bearing on system performance, e.g. operatingmargin, signal-to-noise ratio, spectral efficiency etcetera.Applications involving e.g. digital audio signals or radio-frequencycommunications can place particularly stringent limits on clock jitterand carrier phase noise. Aspects relating to flexibility and cost arealso very important in most applications.

It is a common desire or requirement that a clock be synchronized toanother clock, or to a timing reference of more general form. Thisapplies for example when digital audio and video signals arecommunicated in real time. The design of clock synchronizing circuits isan established field, and many types of clock synchronizer are knownwithin the art. Examples include various classes of phase-locked loop(PLL), direct digital synthesizer (DDS) and anti jitter circuit (AJC).

Clock synchronization encompasses phase locking, frequency locking andfrequency ratio locking. Hence it includes reference-locked frequencysynthesis.

In phase-locked loops, the clock is provided by a controllableoscillator that is pulled into lock by the action of feedback. Thefeedback path optionally includes a frequency divider. A phase detectorcompares the divided clock with the timing reference, and generates anerror signal representing their phase offset. This error signal drives aloop filter, the output of which is connected to the oscillator'sfrequency control port.

Below the PLL's closed-loop corner frequency, jitter on the timingreference passes straight to the clock. Above its corner frequency, theoscillator's intrinsic jitter passes straight to the clock. In settingthe loop bandwidth the designer must find a compromise between the needfor good reference jitter attenuation and the need for low PLL intrinsicjitter. If a high-Q oscillator is used, such as a voltage-controlledcrystal oscillator (VCXO), the PLL can have narrow bandwidth and lowjitter. However, VCXOs can be pulled only over a narrow frequency range.Also, they are relatively expensive and cannot be implemented on chip.Conversely, low-Q oscillators such as ring oscillators have widefrequency range and are fully integrable, but their high self-noise andtheir sensitivity to interference makes them only suited to use inwide-bandwidth PLLs.

When the timing reference is clean and fast, there is no problem withusing a wide-bandwidth PLL. This is the case in many standalonefrequency synthesizers, for example, where the reference is typically alocal crystal oscillator. However, it is not the case in most otherapplications. The timing reference is often a low-rate signal, e.g.because of limited capacity in the channel from the timing master. Alsoit is often of relatively low quality, due to imperfect characteristicsof that channel.

Frame locking is also a requirement in many systems. This too has tendedto keep the rate of timing reference signals down. Many de-facto timingreferences consist only of a framing component, on the basis that thisis all that is needed. Frame rates are often quite low, e.g. 8 kHz intelecom systems.

One way of constructing a clock synchronizer that can meet theconflicting requirements outlined above would be to make use of directdigital synthesis (DDS). In direct digital synthesizers a numericoscillator generates a digital representation of a sinewave which isthen passed through a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), filtered toremove spuriae, and compared with a DC value to create the desiredsquarewave. However, DDS is not without problems. One is the cost of theDAC. Others relate to finite wordlength effects, inadequatereconstruction filtering, and susceptibility to interference at thepoint where the sinewave is turned into a squarewave.

The cost of the DAC, the filter and the comparator can be avoided bytaking the sign of the numeric oscillator's output, and using that asthe clock. However, such number-controlled oscillators (NCOs) suffergreatly from beat-frequency effects. Superior number-controlledoscillators are known within the art, but even they have certainshortcomings. Wholly numeric PLLs constructed around such oscillatorsgenerally suffer from an excess of high-frequency jitter, compared withanalog PLLs. On the other hand, they are easy to test, need nocalibration, have great repeatability, and present the opportunity toadd many advanced features at little incremental cost. For example,accurate frequency holdover is straightforward with numeric PLLs, andrapid locking, e.g. by bandwidth adaption, poses far fewer problems thanin analog.

An object of the invention may include one or several of thebelow-stated provisions of:

-   -   A clock synchronizer/synthesizer that has high performance, high        flexibility and low implementation cost.    -   A clock synchronizer/synthesizer that achieves the high        performance of VCXO-based PLLs without incurring the cost of a        VCXO.    -   A clock synchronizer/synthesizer that has less low-frequency        intrinsic jitter (close-in phase noise) than VCXO-based PLLs.    -   A clock synchronizer/synthesizer that has narrow bandwidth, low        intrinsic jitter and a wide range of operating frequencies.    -   A narrow-bandwidth low jitter wide-range clock        synchronizer/synthesizer that can smoothly track large changes        in reference frequency.    -   A ring-oscillator-based clock synchronizer/synthesizer that has        higher performance than previous ring-oscillator-based clock        synchronizers/synthesizers.    -   A clock synchronizer/synthesizer that is readily integrable on        chip using common processes and building blocks.    -   A clock synchronizer/synthesizer that is less sensitive to        interference and layout than previous clock synchronizers.    -   A clock synchronizer/synthesizer that combines the good features        of numeric PLLs with the good features of analog PLLs.    -   A clock synchronizer/synthesizer that achieves the performance        and flexibility of DDS-based clock synchronizers without        incurring the cost of a DAC.    -   A number-controlled oscillator that has higher performance,        higher flexibility and lower cost than previous        number-controlled oscillators.    -   An asynchrony detector that has novel capabilities relating to        frame locking.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a method of establishing an output clock signal(OC) on the basis of an input timing reference (TR), said methodcomprising the steps of attenuating jitter of said input timingreference (TR) to produce a control signal (103),

providing at least one intermediate clock signal (IC) on the basis ofsaid control signal (103), at least one of said intermediate clocksignals (IC) being justified to a local clock (LC) and being spectrumcontrolled, andproviding said output clock signal (OC) on the basis of said at leastone intermediate clock signal (IC) by attenuating jitter of said atleast one intermediate clock signal (IC).

According to the invention several advantages may been obtained, such as

-   -   high quality output clock signals provided by a circuit, which        may be integrated on-chip    -   high flexibility with respect to the nature of the input timing        reference has been obtained. According to the invention, a great        variety of input frequencies may be locked to due to the fact        the generation of different frequencies is not directly derived        from a reference oscillator clock.    -   low cost implementation. The components, e.g. a numeric clock        renderer adapted for the purpose of generating the intermediate        clock on the basis of the input timing reference are by nature        low-cost components, which may moreover be integrated on-chip.        The components adapted for attenuating the jitter, typically the        intrinsic jitter of the numeric clock renderer may also comprise        relatively simple and low cost components in the sense that        requirements to the bandwidth of the out filters are relatively        relaxed in the sense that the intrinsic noise of the circuit        according to the invention has been spectrum controlled        previously to the final attenuation of the (typically intrinsic)        jitter

According to the invention, the output clock signal may comprise severalclock components such as an output event clock and an output frame sync.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, on-chip design maybe facilitated by the fact that the analog filters may be implemented bymeans of relatively small-value components in combination with a numericoscillator, which by nature is well suited for on-chip implementation.

In this context it should be noted that numeric oscillators andsmall-value analog components per se are low-cost components.

When at least a part of the jitter of said at least one intermediateclock signal (IC) comprises justification jitter (JJ) originating fromsaid justification to said local clock (LC), a further advantageousembodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said justification and spectrum control is performed numerically, afurther advantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said attenuation of jitter of said input timing reference (TR) isperformed by using low-pass filtering, a further advantageous embodimentof the invention has been obtained.

When said justification is performed by means of a number-controlledoscillator (NCO), a further advantageous embodiment of the invention hasbeen obtained.

When a control input of said number-controlled oscillator (NCO)comprises a period control input, a further advantageous embodiment ofthe invention has been obtained.

When said spectrum control comprises dithering, a further advantageousembodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When whereby said spectrum control comprises noise shaping, a furtheradvantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said local clock (LC) is derived from or comprises a stablereference clock (SC), a further advantageous embodiment of the inventionhas been obtained.

When said stable reference clock (SC) comprises a crystal oscillator, afurther advantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said local clock (LC) is derived from said output clock signal(OC), a further advantageous embodiment of the invention has beenobtained.

When said attenuation of jitter of said input timing reference (TR) isperformed by means of a first block (FBLK), which preferably comprises atime-locked loop, with reference to a stable reference clock (SC), afurther advantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When at least a part of said justification jitter (JJ) is biased into ahigher frequency band, a further advantageous embodiment of theinvention has been obtained.

When said justification jitter (JJ) is low-pass filtered by means of asecond block (SBLK), which preferably comprises a phase-locked loop, afurther advantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said second block (SBLK) produces a multiplied clock (OEC), afurther advantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said second block (SBLK) further produces a frame signal (OFS),said frame signal (OFS) being established by means of frequency divisionof said multiplied clock (OEC), a further advantageous embodiment of theinvention has been obtained.

When each of said intermediate clock signals (IC) is established bymeans of at least one numeric stage (FBLK), a further advantageousembodiment of the invention has been obtained

According to this preferred embodiment of the invention, theintermediate clock signal is provided by means of a relatively simple,cost-effective and most of all flexible numeric stage on the basis ofnumeric control.

By applying a numerically controlled input stage, the circuit mayreceive and lock to frequencies in a relatively broad frequency band.Evidently, such feature is of a great importance, if the currentapplication e.g. requires different sampling frequencies, which mayhardly be obtained on the basis of the same reference frequency.

According to this preferred embodiment of the invention a numeric stageshould preferably comprise a number-controlled oscillator.

When said attenuating jitter of said at least one intermediate clocksignal (IC) is performed by means of at least one analog stage (SBLK), afurther advantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said at least one analog stage (SBLK) is adapted for attenuatingjitter partly or mainly originating from said at least one numeric stage(FBLK), a further advantageous embodiment of the invention has beenobtained.

When each of said intermediate clock signals (IC) is justified to acorresponding local clock (LC) and justification jitter associated withsaid justification to said local clock (LC) is spectrum controlled, afurther advantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When at least one of said intermediate clock signals (IC) comprises anintermediate event clock component (IEC) and an intermediate framingcomponent (IFS), said intermediate framing being established on thebasis of said intermediate event clock by means of frequency division, afurther advantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said output clock signal (OC) comprises an output event clockcomponent (OEC) and an output framing component (OFS), said outputframing being established on the basis of said output event clock bymeans of frequency division, a further advantageous embodiment of theinvention has been obtained.

Moreover, the invention relates to a method of establishing an eventclock (EC) comprising a stream of event-clock pulses (ECP1 . . . ECPn)on the basis of a master clock (MC) and on the basis of a stream ofperiod control representations (PCR1 . . . PCRn), the values of saidperiod control representations (PCR1 . . . PCRn) representing thedesired period of the event clock (EC) with respect to that of themaster clock (MC), whereby each of said event-clock pulses (ECP1 . . .ECPn) is established on the basis of an associated master-clock pointer(MCP), in which said master-clock pointers (MCP) form a stream ofmaster-clock pointers (MCP), which stream is derived from said stream ofperiod control representations (PCR1 . . . PCRn) by a process whichcomprises accumulation and resolution reduction and where an errorsignal associated with said resolution reduction is spectrum controlled.

According to the invention, a number-controlled oscillator has beenobtained, having improved properties with respect to jitter.

An important feature of the invention is that the running establishmentof the desired event clock is performed on the basis of not only thecurrent period control representation but also on the basis of at leastone previous period control representation. In other words, the runningestablishment of the event clock features a suppressing of jittermemory.

The desired period may e.g. comprise the strict desired period of theevent clock or e.g. the desired mean period of the event clock.

The desired period defined by the period control representations maytypically be expressed as a ratio between the desired event clock periodand the master clock period.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, each event clockperiod (ECP1 . . . ECPn) is typically established on the basis of justone associated master-clock pointer (MCP). However, obviously, severalmaster-clock pointers may be used for the establishment of a singleevent clock period, e.g. one pointer defining the rising edge andanother pointer defining the falling edge.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, master-clockpointers may be regarded as associated very specifically to the specificperiods of the master clock.

In other words the master-clock pointers may be regarded as some sort ofindexed reference by means of which an event clock may be established.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the accumulationcomprises an accumulation, integration or running sum of the periodcontrol representations, or derivatives thereof. It is noted thataccumulation, integration and utilization of a running sum may beregarded more or less equivalent.

When said accumulation precedes said resolution reduction, a furtheradvantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said resolution reduction precedes said accumulation, a furtheradvantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said resolution reduction may comprise wordlength reduction,quantization, truncation or rounding, a further advantageous embodimentof the invention has been obtained.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the resolutionreduction comprises a resolution reduction, wordlength reduction,quantization, truncation, rounding, etc. of the period controlrepresentations, or derivatives thereof, typically invoked by the factthat period control representations or derivatives thereof may havefractional resolution.

When said event-clock pulses (ECP1 . . . ECPn) are justified to edges ofsaid master clock (MC), a further advantageous embodiment of theinvention has been obtained.

According to the invention, a justified signal is a signal of which eachof the events (e.g. edges of a square pulse signal) is co-timed with anassociated event (e.g. edges of square pulse signal) from the masterclock.

When the method of establishing an event clock (EC) comprises the stepsof establishing a representation of an idealized clock comprising astream of target times (TT) on the basis of period controlrepresentations (PCR1 . . . PCRn), justifying said idealized clock tosaid master clock (MC) while performing spectrum control of theassociated justification jitter, thereby facilitating number-controlledoscillation with improved control of said justification jitter, afurther advantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said period control representations (PCR1 . . . PCRn) are digital,a further advantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said period control representations (PCR1 . . . PCRn) are analog, afurther advantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said period control representations (PCR1 . . . PCRn) areconsecutive components of a discrete-time period control representationsignal (PCR), a further advantageous embodiment of the invention hasbeen obtained.

When said master-clock pointers (MCP) are established on the basis ofmultiple previous period control representations (PCR1 . . . PCRn), afurther advantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said master-clock pointers (MCP) are established on the basis ofmultiple previous period control representations (PCR1 . . . PCRn)thereby facilitating a continuous accurate establishment of event-clockpulses (ECP1 . . . ECPn), a further advantageous embodiment of theinvention has been obtained.

When said master-clock pointers (MCP) are established on the basis of atleast two previous period control representations (PCR1 . . . PCRn)thereby facilitating accurate control of the mean period betweenconsecutive event-clock pulses (ECP1 . . . ECPn), a further advantageousembodiment of the invention has been obtained.

According to the invention, the resulting jitter should preferably berelated to an absolute, in principle infinite, track of the jitter. Thismay advantageously be obtained by a running integration of all or alarge number of the previous period control representations.

According to the invention, the running integration or track recordshould basically only be able to keep track of the running controlrepresentations back to last time the integral (=summing) established anevent clock event at exactly the time for the associated ideal eventclock event.

In practice, an integration/summing of the period control representationshould ensure that the numeric establishment of the event clock does notintegrate the jitter error by for instance a continuous resetting of forexample a counter based clock renderer every time a new event clocksignal has been established.

When said master-clock pointers (MCP) are established on the basis ofall previous period control representations (PCR1 . . . PCRn), a furtheradvantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said master-clock pointers (MCP) are established on the basis ofintegrated period control representations (PCR1 . . . PCRn), a furtheradvantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said master clock (MC) comprises a single-wire clock, a furtheradvantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said master clock (MC) comprises a multiphase clock, a furtheradvantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said master clock (MC) comprises a sequence of master-clock edges,a further advantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When a master-clock edge addresser (CR) is synchronized with a masterclock (MC) thereby facilitating the selection of those of saidmaster-clock edges that are pointed to by said master-clock pointers(MCP), a further advantageous embodiment of the invention has beenobtained.

When said master-clock edge addresser (CR) comprises a counter (CNT) anda comparator (COM), a further advantageous embodiment of the inventionhas been obtained.

When said master-clock edge addresser (CR) comprises a multiplexer(MPX), a further advantageous embodiment of the invention has beenobtained.

When said master-clock edge addresser (CR) comprises a differentiatorand a multi-modulus divider, a further advantageous embodiment of theinvention has been obtained.

When said period control representations (PCR1 . . . PCRn) areestablished on the basis of a period control input (PC), a furtheradvantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said period control input (PC) comprises a continuous-time signal,a further advantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said period control input (PC) comprises an analog signal, afurther advantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said period control representations (PCR1 . . . PCRn) comprisenumeric representations of said period control input (PC), a furtheradvantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said period control representations (PCR1 . . . PCRn) comprise saidperiod control input (PC), a further advantageous embodiment of theinvention has been obtained

When the process of establishing said master-clock pointers (MCP)comprises quantization, a further advantageous embodiment of theinvention has been obtained.

When the quantization error is subject to spectrum control, a furtheradvantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said spectrum control comprises dithering, a further advantageousembodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said spectrum control comprises noise shaping, a furtheradvantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said spectrum control comprises dithering and noise shaping, afurther advantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When the resolution of said period control representations (PCR1 . . .PCRn) is greater than the resolution of said master-clock pointers(MCP), a further advantageous embodiment of the invention has beenobtained.

Moreover, the invention relates to a clock synchronizer forestablishment of an output clock signal (OC) according to any of theclaims regarding a method of establishing an output clock signal.

When said clock synchronizer further comprises a number-controlledoscillator (NCO) according to any of the claims regarding a method ofestablishing an event clock, a further advantageous embodiment of theinvention has been obtained.

When said clock synchronizer further comprises a circuit for attenuatingjitter of an input timing reference (TR), and said circuit comprises anumber-controlled oscillator (NCO) adapted for establishment of anintermediate clock signal (IC) on the basis of said input timingreference (TR), a further advantageous embodiment of the invention hasbeen obtained.

When said clock synchronizer further comprises jitter filtering means(SBLK) adapted for providing said output clock signal (OC) on the basisof said intermediate clock signal (IC), a further advantageousembodiment of the invention has been obtained.

Moreover, the invention relates to a number-controlled oscillator (NCO)comprising means for establishment of an event clock (EC) according toany of the claims regarding a method of establishing an event clock.

Moreover, the invention relates to a method of establishing at least oneoutput signal (CDO) on the basis of at least two input signals (IS1,IS2), where said input signals each comprise at least

-   -   a first component (IS1A, IS2A) and    -   a second component (IS1B, IS2B) and        where said output signal (CDO) is established fully or partly on        the basis of the asynchrony said first components (IS1A, IS2A)        of at least two of said input signals (IS1, IS2) when at least        one first predefined criterion is fulfilled and where said        output signal (CDO) is established fully or partly on the basis        of the asynchrony of said second components (IS1B, IS2B) of at        least two of said input signals (IS1, IS2) when at least one        second predefined criterion is fulfilled.

According to the invention, the same phase/time detector may basicallyat one time react fully or primarily on first signal components, e.g.event clocks, and at another time react fully or primarily on secondsignal components, e.g. frame syncs.

Evidently, according to the invention, the predefined applicablecriteria for switching between reaction on the first signal componentsand reaction on the second signal components are numerous.

According to the invention the components of each input signal may becarried in any number of ways, including interleaved, as when the signalis a multiphase clock, and separately.

According to the invention, more than two components may be used asbasis for the establishment of an output signal. An example of anapplication having two levels of framing, and thereby three clockcomponents to synchronize, is a conventional CRT-monitor or TV. Thereare three signals controlling the drawing of pixels on the screen. Thefastest signal, corresponding to the event clock component used in thisdescription, defines each single pixel, with a pixel rate of e.g. 20-50MHz. This signal is divided into groups by an H-sync (horizontalsynchronization) signal, corresponding to the framing component used inthis description. Each H-sync group comprises pixels for exactly onehorizontal line on the screen, i.e. the H-sync signal indicates when tochange to the next line. The frequency of the H-sync signal is e.g.15-30 kHz. The third signal V-sync (vertical synchronization) dividesthe H-sync signal into even longer frames, each comprising enough H-syncgroups for exactly one screen image. The V-sync signal thus indicateswhen to start over from the first corner again, and its frequency ise.g. 25 Hz or 30 Hz for TV-screens and e.g. 75 Hz for PC-monitors.

When said at least one output signal (CDO) represents the phase anglebetween said at least two of said input signals, a further advantageousembodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said at least one output signal (CDO) represents the time intervalbetween said at least two of said input signals, a further advantageousembodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said input signals (IS1, IS2) are mutually asynchronous, a furtheradvantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said first components (IS1A, IS2A) of said input signals (IS1, IS2)comprise event-clock-representative components, a further advantageousembodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said second components (IS1B, IS2B) of said input signals (IS1,IS2) comprise frame-sync-representative components, a furtheradvantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When at least one of said input signals (IS1, IS2) comprises feedbacksignals of a phase-locked loop, a further advantageous embodiment of theinvention has been obtained.

When at least one of said input signals (IS1, IS2) comprises feedbacksignals of a time-locked loop, a further advantageous embodiment of theinvention has been obtained.

When said first and second components of at least one of said inputsignals (IS1, IS2) are inherent in a multiphase representation of thatsignal, a further advantageous embodiment of the invention has beenobtained.

When said first and second components of at least one of said inputsignals (IS1, IS2) comprise two separately wired signals, a furtheradvantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said first and second components of at least one of said inputsignals (IS1, IS2) are comprised in a composite signal, a furtheradvantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said first predefined criterion comprises said asynchrony of saidsecond components (IS1B, IS2B) substantially being smaller than theperiod of one of said first components (IS1A, IS2A), a furtheradvantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said second predefined criterion comprises said asynchrony of saidsecond components (IS1B, IS2B) substantially exceeding the period of oneof said first components (IS1A, IS2A), a further advantageous embodimentof the invention has been obtained.

When at least one of said predefined criteria is established on thebasis of the reliability of at least one of said components (IS1A, IS1B,IS2A, IS2B), a further advantageous embodiment of the invention has beenobtained.

According to this preferred embodiment of the present invention,reliability of one or more signal components may e.g. refer to lack offrame sync, disruptions, temporary unavailability, undecodable framesync modulation, etc.

When at least one of said predefined criteria is established on thebasis of a quality measure that relates to the performance of a systemapplying said method, a further advantageous embodiment of the inventionhas been obtained.

According to this preferred embodiment of the present invention, thecriteria may refer to performance or attributes of other systemcomponents or even system-wide.

E.g. circuits, which regarding to signal flow precede the circuitimplementing the method of the present invention, may supply to themethod of the present invention knowledge of component or signalqualities, thus facilitating the method of the present invention to moreefficiently and correctly choose the best signal component for phaselocking, possibly according other aspects as well.

Also circuits that succeed the circuit implementing the method of thepresent invention may be implemented to control the criteria, e.g. bysending back information in relation to bit error ratio on receivedsignal, etc.

When said second component (IS1B, IS2B) groups an integer number ofclock events of said first components (IS1A, IS2A) into frames and wheresaid number is greater than two, a further advantageous embodiment ofthe invention has been obtained.

Moreover the invention relates to an asynchrony detector (CD) comprisingmeans for establishing at least one output signal (CDO) according to themethod of establishing at least one output signal.

When said asynchrony detector (CD) further comprises filtering means(SLF) for filtering said output signal (CDO), a further advantageousembodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said output signal (CDO) is used as control signal for anoscillator (VCO), a further advantageous embodiment of the invention hasbeen obtained.

According to the invention, many applications use or may use a phasedetector or a time detector to control an oscillator.

When said asynchrony detector forms part of a phase-locked loop, afurther advantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said asynchrony detector forms part of a time-locked loop, afurther advantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

According to the invention, a phase-locked loop or time-locked loopusing the asynchrony detector of the present invention is able to locknot only to an event clock, but also to an associated frame sync,simultaneously.

When said output signal (CDO) is established by means of

-   -   at least two synchronous state machines (RSSM, FSSM), each        acting on one of said input signals (IS1, IS2) and on at least        one signal from at least one other of said synchronous state        machines (RSSM, FSSM),    -   at least one frame offset counter (FOC),    -   at least one combinatorial block (CMB) adapted to process event        count values derived from said synchronous state machines (RSSM,        FSSM) and to process force signals (FUP, FDN) derived from said        frame offset counter (FOC), a further advantageous embodiment of        the invention has been obtained.

According to the invention, this embodiment facilitates fast and smoothclock and frame locking.

When said output signal (CDO) is established by means of a set of atleast two basic asynchrony detectors (DET1, DET2, DET3, DETn), said setof detectors being adapted to act on multiphase clocks (MPIC, MPFC), afurther advantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

According to the invention, this embodiment directly enables the use ofmultiphase clocks, with their implicit framing component.

When at least one of said multiphase clocks (MPIC, MPFC) is establishedby means of a divider (RDIV, FDIV), a further advantageous embodiment ofthe invention has been obtained.

When said at least one output signal (CDO) is established by means of

-   -   at least one counter (RCTR, FCTR) and    -   a digital-to-analog converter (DAC),        a further advantageous embodiment of the invention has been        obtained.

According to the invention, this embodiment facilitates frames withrelatively great lengths.

When said at least one output signal (CDO) is established by means ofcombining the asynchrony detector of claim 82 or 83 with the asynchronydetector of claim 84, a further advantageous embodiment of the inventionhas been obtained.

Moreover the invention relates to a method of establishing an outputclock signal (OC) according to any of the claims regarding a method ofestablishing an output clock signal, whereby said justification isperformed by means of a number-controlled oscillator (NCO) according toany of the claims regarding a number-controlled oscillator.

When said second block (SBLK) comprises an asynchrony detector (CD)according to any of the claims regarding an asynchrony detector, afurther advantageous embodiment of the invention has been obtained.

When said output clock signal (OC) is phase locked to said input timingreference (TR), a further advantageous embodiment of the invention hasbeen obtained.

When said output clock signal (OC) is frequency locked to said inputtiming reference (TR), a further advantageous embodiment of theinvention has been obtained.

When said output clock signal (OC) is frequency ratio locked to saidinput timing reference (TR), a further advantageous embodiment of theinvention has been obtained.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The invention will now be described with reference to the figures, where

FIG. 1A-1B show two applications implementing the Hybrid Synchronizer ofthe present invention,

FIG. 2A shows a detailed nested-form embodiment of the HybridSynchronizer,

FIG. 2B shows a detailed cascade-form embodiment of the HybridSynchronizer,

FIG. 2C shows a detailed coupled-form embodiment of the HybridSynchronizer,

FIG. 3A-3C illustrate in principle different embodiments of the firstblock,

FIG. 4A-4E show jitter spectra from the Hybrid Synchronizer whendifferent levels of noise shaping and different analog-loop cornerfrequencies are used,

FIG. 5A-5C illustrate three prior-art number-controlled oscillators,

FIG. 6A shows a preferred embodiment of the High-Performance NCO of thepresent invention,

FIG. 6B shows how the period control signal PC is logically divided intoperiod control representations PCR,

FIG. 7 is a timing diagram showing how the High-Performance NCO'ssignals progress,

FIG. 8A illustrates how a dithered quantizer can be used as a resolutionreducer,

FIG. 8B illustrates how a noise shaping circuit can be used as aresolution reducer,

FIG. 9 shows an embodiment where the number-controlled oscillator isequipped with an auxiliary output for feedback,

FIG. 10 shows a hard limiter implemented in the resolution reducer,

FIG. 11A-11C show three embodiments of a clock renderer,

FIG. 12 shows an embodiment where the resolution reducer and the clockrenderer have two stages,

FIG. 13 illustrates an embodiment where the High-Performance NCO isequipped with an auxiliary output for feedback,

FIG. 14 shows the spectral density of the justification jitter from theHigh-Performance NCO when different levels of noise shaping areperformed,

FIG. 15A-15D illustrate some of the possible formats for a compositeclock signal having an event clock component and a framing component,

FIG. 16 shows an outline of the Combined Detector of the presentinvention,

FIG. 17 shows an embodiment of a Combined Detector using interleaveddetectors,

FIG. 18 shows an embodiment of a Combined Detector using counters,

FIG. 19A shows an embodiment of a Combined Detector using state machinesand flancters,

FIG. 19B shows a preferred embodiment of a Combined Detector using statemachines, and

FIG. 20A-20C show phase detector transfer characteristics according todifferent embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Some Applications

FIGS. 1A and 1B show two different applications implementing the hybridnumeric-analog clock synchronizer (Hybrid Synchronizer) of the presentinvention. The drawings are provided exclusively to show contextuallyexamples of the present invention, and it is emphasized that the HybridSynchronizer of the present invention targets a wide range ofapplications from many different technical areas, and should not berestricted to the use shown in FIG. 1A, FIG. 1B or any other drawingprovided with this description.

FIG. 1A shows an example of digital communication. It comprises a senderwith an analog-to-digital converter ADC and a receiver with adigital-to-analog converter DAC. The ADC has an analog input AI, and theDAC has an analog output AO. The digitized signal from the ADC is routedto the DAC via a communications channel. The channel may be a wired orwireless link, bus, network etc. and may involve coding, packetization,buffering etc. The analog information on the analog input signal AI istransmitted as a digitized signal, and then output as analog informationat the signal AO. To ensure that the analog output AO equals the analoginput AI, it is important that the clocks used by the ADC and the DACare synchronized and have a low amount of jitter noise. Thissynchronization and low jitter is achieved flexibly and at low cost byusing a Hybrid Synchronizer of the present invention to provide theclock, and optionally a framing component, to each converter. The twoHybrid Synchronizers are referred to a common timing reference TR. EachHybrid Synchronizer also requires a stable clock, which is typicallyprovided by a local free-running crystal oscillator XO, possibly viae.g. a clock multiplier or a delay-locked loop.

In the example of FIG. 1A the timing reference is provided by a separatedevice, not shown. Similar examples arise when it is instead provided bythe receiver or by the sender. In the latter case the timing referencemay be implicit in the digitized signal. It is further noted that thereceiver may be one of several that are all receiving the same digitalsignal, e.g. in a broadcasting context, and that senders and receiversthat can play back and store digital signals do not necessarily containanalog converters.

FIG. 1B shows an example of a transceiver, e.g. in a cable modem or amobile phone. It comprises a modulator MOD for modulating data fortransmission TXD to a transmission signal TXS, and a demodulator DEM fordemodulating a received signal RXS to received data RXD. The transceiveris communicating with e.g. a base station (not shown). The signal fortransmission is modulated according to a reference clock, which may forexample be defined and maintained by the base station. A representationof that reference is inherent in the received signal RXS, and is therebyimmediately present to the demodulator DEM. The extracted representationTR may possibly be in a poor condition, and suffering from jitter noiseetc. To derive a high quality clock here from, for use with themodulator MOD, a Hybrid Synchronizer of the present invention isinserted. The extracted representation is used as input for the HybridSynchronizer, which locks to it, attenuates jitter and provides a highquality clock or carrier of appropriate frequency/phase, plus optionalframing component, to the modulator MOD. More generally, the HybridSynchronizer might take part in the modulation process, e.g.implementing frequency hopping or phase modulation.

The motivation for locking the transceiver to the reference might be totightly synchronize transmission to reception, which can allow moreefficient use of the channel. Or, where transmission and reception areplesiochronous, the motivation might simply be to avoid the need for aclose-tolerance reference oscillator in the transceiver.

A detailed description of the internal operation of the HybridSynchronizer is given below. The specific embodiment shown in FIG. 1B isbelow referred to as a coupled form of the Hybrid Synchronizer.

Hybrid Numeric-Analog Clock Synchronization

A clock synchronizer according to an embodiment of the present inventionhas a first block FBLK including a low-pass filter FLF, which attenuatesmid- and high-frequency jitter from a received timing reference signalTR, and a second block SBLK, which attenuates high-frequency jitter fromthe first block. The first block FBLK outputs one or more intermediateclocks IC to the second block SBLK. The edges of each intermediate clockIC are justified to edges or interpolated phases of a local clock LC. Aprocess in the first block controls the spectrum of the associatedjustification jitter, e.g. by dithering and/or noise shaping. The secondblock SBLK generates an output clock OC. The clock synchronizer acts tolock this output clock OC to the timing reference TR. Within the scopeof such locking and synchronization are included phase/time locking,frequency locking and frequency ratio locking. In many applications, theoutput clock OC is a composite clock including a framing component OFS,which may be part of a time count. The clock synchronizer can lock thiscomponent to the timing reference TR. Generally, at least a part of thefirst block FBLK is numeric and operates in discrete time, and at leasta part of the second block SBLK is analog and operates in continuoustime.

Such a synchronizer may be referred to as a hybrid numeric-analog clocksynchronizer, or just as a Hybrid Synchronizer.

FIGS. 2A-2C show embodiments illustrating different forms of the HybridSynchronizer of the present invention. They all comprise a first blockFBLK and a second block SBLK. The first block FBLK comprises a firstdetector FD, a first loop filter FLF and a number-controlled oscillatorNCO. The second block SBLK comprises a second detector SD, a second loopfilter SLF, a voltage-controlled oscillator VCO and a divider block 18.

The first and second detectors FD, SD may be phase detectors, timedetectors, frequency detectors, or any similar detectors. The first andsecond loop filters FLF, SLF are low-pass filters that may or may nothave an integrating behaviour.

Note that other contents of the first and second blocks FBLK SBLK arepossible and are within the scope of the invention. FIGS. 2A-2C servethe dual purposes of a) illustrating three different forms, which aredistinguished by the ways in which the first and second blocks areconnected, and b) showing one possible set of contents of the first andsecond blocks.

In these and other embodiments, the voltage-controlled oscillator VCOmay be substituted by a current-controlled oscillator or any otheroscillator that is wholly or largely analog.

In preferred embodiments of the Hybrid Synchronizer of the presentinvention, the output clock OC is a composite signal preferablycomprising an output event clock component OEC, and an output framingcomponent OFS. These components may each have their own separate wiring,or may be modulated into one composite signal, e.g. by using one or moreof several possible conventional techniques, some of which are describedlater with reference to FIGS. 15A-15D. In RF applications the outputevent clock OEC may be e.g. sinusoidal rather than rectangular.

Also the signal connecting the two blocks, intermediate clock IC, maypossibly and preferably be a composite signal, preferably comprising anintermediate event clock component IEC and an intermediate framingcomponent IFS. Methods of physically comprising these components by theintermediate clock IC are fully equivalent to the methods describedabove for the composite output clock OC. It is noted that any suitablesignal implementation may be used for the output clock OC and theintermediate clock IC, and that the implementations of each do not needto be the same. It is further noted that the intermediate event clockIEC may be a multi-part event clock on multiple wires, even when thereis no associated frame sync IFS.

The embodiments of FIGS. 2A-2C differ only in how the above-mentionedblocks are connected. In the nested form, FIG. 2A, a feedback 110 to thefirst detector FD is from the divider block 18. With the cascade form,FIG. 2B, there is no feedback from the second block SBLK to the firstblock FBLK. Instead, both an intermediate event clock IEC and anintermediate frame sync IFS connect the two loops. The coupled form,FIG. 2C, has two feedback lines from the second block SBLK to the firstblock FBLK. One 114 is from the output event clock OEC to thenumber-controlled oscillator NCO, where it is used as local clock LC.The other 110 is from the divider block 18 to the first detector FD.

The embodiments of FIGS. 2A-2C can be used for phase/time locking,frequency locking or frequency ratio locking. In applications that donot require phase/time locking, e.g. reference-locked frequencysynthesis, the cascade form can be simplified by omitting theintermediate frame sync IFS.

The timing reference TR may take many forms, including irregular formssuch as MPEG-2 Systems program/system clock references, which arestreams of reference timestamp values. The first detector's feedbacksignal 110 111 may also take many forms, as is indicated for example inthe description that accompanies FIG. 13.

Additional stages such as frequency dividers, saturation limiters,quantizers, ADCs and DACs can be inserted at various places in theembodiments shown in FIGS. 2A-2C without affecting the basic operationor novelty of the circuits.

In addition to the three Hybrid Synchronizer forms illustrated in FIGS.2A-2C, other forms are possible, still within the scope of the presentinvention. Such forms may be derived e.g. by adding a secondnumber-controlled oscillator to the circuit, inserting it in the pathfeeding the second input of the second detector SD. The resulting forms,which have two intermediate clocks IC, can be regarded as crossesbetween the nested/cascade form and the coupled form.

In preferred embodiments, the first block FBLK is entirely numeric, andthe second block SBLK is partly digital and partly analog. Specifically,the second detector is preferably digital and the second loop filter SLFis preferably of the integrator-plus-lead-lag type, incorporating atleast one charge pump and a passive RC network. With preferredembodiments the Hybrid Synchronizer of the present invention might bedesigned so that most of the second block SBLK is exactly as required bya conventional single-stage PLL, thus making it available aspre-designed blocks

Nested Form

FIG. 2A illustrates a nested form of the invention. The output of thefirst block, i.e. the intermediate clock IC, is used as input to thesecond block. With this nested form of the invention, the intermediateclock IC possibly only comprises an intermediate event clock IEC. Thefirst block has three inputs. The first input is a timing reference TR.This is the signal that the circuit will lock to. The second input isthe local clock LC, which is connected to a stable clock SC. The thirdinput is a feedback signal 110 from the divider block 18 of the secondblock SBLK.

Within the first block FBLK, the first detector FD is preferably a timedetector. It outputs a digital or analog signal representing the timeoffset between the timing reference TR and the feedback signal 110. Thisdetector output 102 is run through the first loop filter FLF and thenused as a control signal 103 for the number-controlled oscillator NCO.By processing the stable clock SC, the number-controlled oscillator NCOgenerates the intermediate event clock IEC with mean relative periodaccording to the control signal 103. The stable clock SC is preferablysourced from a crystal oscillator, either directly or indirectly.

The second block SBLK is preferably a phase-locked loop (PLL). It takesthe intermediate event clock IEC as input. This is connected to thesecond detector SD, which is preferably a phase detector, and whichcompares the intermediate event clock IEC with a feedback signal 112from the divider block 18. The detected difference expressed as acontrol signal is sent through the second loop filter SLF and is thenused to control the voltage-controlled oscillator VCO. The output of theVCO is the output event clock OEC, thus controlled via the intermediateevent clock IEC. The output event clock OEC might be used as an output,but it is also used as input to the divider block 18, where it isdivided to create the output frame sync OFS and the feedback signal 110.The feedback signal 110 communicates the framing of the output clock OCto the first detector FD. It may be a simple copy of the output framesync OFS.

For applications that do not require phase/time locking, a frequencydetector may be used as first detector FD.

An anti jitter circuit (AJC) e.g. comprising a monostable, integrator,DC removal path and comparator might substitute the second block SBLK inthis nested form of the invention. However, unlike PLLs, such circuitsare generally not able to perform frequency multiplication.

The nested form of the invention is well-suited to applications in whichthe stable clock SC is the preferred clock for digital circuitry. Thismight for example be the case on a silicon integrated circuit thatnecessarily contains other blocks that are clocked by the stable clockSC.

Cascade Form

FIG. 2B illustrates a cascade form of the invention. In this form theoutput of the first block, i.e. the intermediate clock IC, preferablycomprises two components, being an intermediate event clock IEC and anintermediate frame sync IFS. They are both used as inputs for the secondblock SBLK. The first block has in this form only two inputs. These area timing reference TR, which is the signal that the circuit will lockonto, and a local clock LC, connected to a stable clock SC. Thecascade-form embodiment has no feedback from the second block SBLK tothe first block FBLK. The signal that the first detector FD will compareto the timing reference signal TR is instead an internal signal 111.

The first block is preferably a time-locked loop (TLL). Hence the firstdetector FD is preferably a time detector. It outputs a digital oranalog signal representing the time offset between the timing referenceTR and the feedback signal 111. The detector output 102 is run throughthe first loop filter FLF and then used as a control signal 103 for thenumber-controlled oscillator NCO. By processing the stable clock SC, thenumber-controlled oscillator NCO generates the intermediate event clockIEC with mean relative period according to the control signal 103. Thenumber-controlled oscillator NCO also has an auxiliary output, theintermediate frame sync IFS. The stable clock SC is preferably sourcedfrom a crystal oscillator, either directly or indirectly.

The internal signal 111 may be a feedback signal from thenumber-controlled oscillator. Alternatively, it may be a copy orderivative of the local clock LC, and hence of the stable clock SC, aswill be explained later.

The cascade-form Hybrid Synchronizer of FIG. 2B incorporates anumber-controlled oscillator that has auxiliary outputs. Astraightforward example of such a number-controlled oscillator is shownin FIG. 9. A more sophisticated example is given later in FIG. 13.

The second block SBLK is preferably a phase-locked loop. It takes theintermediate event clock IEC and the intermediate frame sync IFS asinputs to the second detector SD, which is a combined clock-and-framephase detector as explained later with reference to FIG. 16. The seconddetector SD also takes two feedback signals from the divider block 18.The first is a feedback event clock 112 from the output event clock OEC,optionally divided before it is fed back, and the second is a feedbackframe sync 113 from the output frame sync OFS. The second detector SDcompares the intermediate event clock IEC with the feedback event clock112, and the intermediate frame sync IFS with the feedback frame sync113. It outputs a control signal, which is sent through the second loopfilter SLF and is then used to control the voltage-controlled oscillatorVCO. The output of the VCO is the output event clock OEC, thuscontrolled via the intermediate event clock IEC and the intermediateframe sync IFS. The output event clock OEC is divided within the dividerblock 18 to form the output frame sync OFS, and the feedback signals 112113.

For applications that do not require phase/time locking, a preferredembodiment omits the intermediate frame sync IFS and the feedback framesync 113, and uses a conventional second phase detector SD.Additionally, this preferred embodiment breaks the loop in the firstblock by taking the internal signal 111 from the local clock LC. Forfirst detector FD it uses a frequency detector, e.g. a simpleperiod-measuring counter. The first low-pass filter FLF may usefullyhave a DC gain of exactly unity.

An anti-jitter circuit (AJC) might substitute the second block SBLK ofthis cascade form of the invention in implementations that do notperform phase or time locking.

Like the nested form, the cascade form of the invention is well-suitedto applications in which the stable clock SC is the preferred clock fordigital circuitry. Additionally, it removes the dependence of the firstblock FBLK on the second block SBLK, which eases implementation andtesting, and increases flexibility in use. Also, it is particularlyappealing for reference-locked frequency synthesis.

Coupled Form

FIG. 2C illustrates a coupled form of the invention. The output of thefirst block, i.e. the intermediate clock IC, is used as input for thesecond block SBLK. With this coupled form of the invention, theintermediate clock IC possibly only comprises an intermediate eventclock IEC. The first block has three inputs. The first input is a timingreference TR. The second input is a feedback signal 110 from the dividerblock 18 of the second block SBLK. The third input is the local clockLC, which in this form is from the output event clock OEC of the secondblock SBLK.

Within the first block FBLK, the first detector FD is preferably a timedetector. It outputs a digital or analog signal representing the timeoffset between the timing reference TR and the feedback signal 110. Thisdetector output 102 is run through the first loop filter FLF and thenused as a control signal 103 for the number-controlled oscillator NCO.By processing the output event clock OEC, the number-controlledoscillator NCO generates the intermediate event clock IEC with meanrelative period according to the control signal 103.

The second block takes the intermediate event clock IEC as input. Thisis connected to the second detector SD, which is preferably a phasedetector, and which compares the intermediate event clock IEC with thestable clock SC. This results in a control signal, which is sent throughthe second loop filter SLF and then used to control thevoltage-controlled oscillator VCO. The output of the VCO is the outputevent clock OEC, thus controlled via the intermediate event clock IEC.The output event clock OEC is used as feedback 114 to the first blockFBLK, and also as input to the divider block 18, where it is divided tocreate the output frame sync OFS and the feedback signal 110. Thefeedback signal 110 communicates the framing of the output clock OC tothe first detector FD. It may be a simple copy of the output frame syncOFS. The stable clock SC is preferably sourced from a crystaloscillator, either directly or indirectly.

For applications that do not require phase/time locking, a frequencydetector may be used as first detector FD.

With the coupled-form embodiment, the second block SBLK cannot besubstituted with an anti jitter circuit, as explained above for thenested-form embodiment.

The coupled form of the invention is well-suited to applications inwhich the output event clock OEC is the preferred clock for digitalcircuitry. This might for example be the case on a silicon integratedcircuit that has a dedicated function closely associated with thevoltage-controlled oscillator VCO. Also, the coupled form is well-suitedto applications requiring the lowest intrinsic jitter, because it allowshigher phase comparison rates at the second detector SD and lowerjustification jitter in the number-controlled oscillator NCO.

Time-Locked Loop

FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate different combinations of the building blocks inthe first block FBLK of FIG. 2B. They do however apply equally to thefirst blocks FBLK of FIGS. 2A and 2C and to other numeric loops. Theyall comprise a number-controlled oscillator NCO, a detector FD and aloop filter FLF, connected in a loop as described above in relation toFIG. 2B. Feedback around the loop causes the number-controlledoscillator NCO, and hence the intermediate clock IC, to lock to thetiming reference TR. The feedback signal 111 is taken from an auxiliaryoutput of the NCO. This auxiliary output is derived from the NCO's mainoutput e.g. as illustrated in FIG. 9 or FIG. 13.

In FIG. 3A, the building blocks are the standard ones for a phase-lockedloop (PLL). The detector is a phase detector PD, meaning that itexpresses the asynchrony of its inputs as a phase angle. For e.g. a45-degree phase difference between clock inputs, its output 102 takessome value that is more-or-less independent of the frequency of thoseclocks. The oscillator in FIG. 3A is a frequency-controlled oscillatorFCO, meaning that its frequency scales more-or-less linearly with thevalue of its control input 103. This combination of building blocksyields loop dynamics (damping factor, stability margin etc.) that aremore-or-less independent of the frequency of the timing reference TR.

High-performance number-controlled oscillators are largely orexclusively of the period-controlled type, meaning that it is theirperiod rather than their frequency that scales linearly with the valueof their control input. In a PLL context, their gain is a function oftheir current frequency. FIG. 3B shows a loop that is identical to thephase-locked loop of FIG. 3A, except that its oscillator is aperiod-controlled oscillator PCO. The dynamics of such a loop will varyacross its frequency range. This can be a significant problem in loopsthat must operate over a wide frequency range. Prior-art attempts tosolve this problem include adding a nonlinear stage before theoscillator to effectively turn it back into a frequency-controlledoscillator.

With preferred embodiments of the Hybrid Synchronizer of the presentinvention, consistent loop dynamics are achieved over a wide frequencyrange and despite the use of a period-controlled NCO by a) implementingthe first loop filter FLF as a sampled-signal filter and operating it ata rate that scales with the frequency of the oscillator or thereference, and b) using a first detector FD that expresses theasynchrony of its inputs as a time interval rather than a phase angle.For e.g. a 45-degree phase difference between clock inputs to suchdetectors, their outputs scale with the period of those clocks. Suchdetectors may be called time detectors.

FIG. 3C shows a loop in which the detector is a time detector TD, theoscillator is a period-controlled oscillator PCO, and the response ofthe loop filter LF frequency-scales with the loop output IC or the loopinput TR. Such loops may be called time-locked loops (TLL). A feature oftime-locked loops is that their closed-loop bandwidth scales with theirfrequency of operation.

Mode of Operation

In the following is described the mode of operation of the HybridSynchronizer of the present invention. The first block FBLK locks to andtypically multiplies the timing reference TR, and attenuates mid- andhigh-frequency jitter. By choosing a low corner frequency for the firstblock, e.g. 10 Hz, most of the phase noise on the timing reference TR isfiltered away. The first block typically comprises a time-locked loop,which may be referred to as the numeric loop. Its bandwidth is setlargely by the first loop filter FLF. By not using an expensive andinflexible voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO) or similar, thenumber-controlled oscillator NCO however injects its own significantamount of phase noise, i.e. jitter. The dominant mechanism for this istypically the process of justifying (i.e. aligning) the edges of thegenerated clock IC to edges or interpolated phases of the master clockLC. For this reason the NCO jitter is referred to as justificationjitter. The justification jitter is known to the designer, and is atleast partly controllable. One method of controlling it is to performsome kind of jitter spectrum shaping and/or smoothing within the NCO, asis done in the High-Performance NCO of the present invention (describedafterwards).

The second block SBLK locks to and optionally multiplies theintermediate clock IC, and attenuates high-frequency jitter. As the NCOpreferably uses a jitter spectrum shaping where the justification jitteris biased towards high frequencies, a relatively high corner frequencycan be chosen for the second block, e.g. 100 kHz. The second blocktypically comprises a phase-locked loop, which may be referred to as theanalog loop. Its bandwidth is set largely by the second loop filter SLF.The second block SBLK preferably uses a voltage-controlled oscillatorVCO such as a ring oscillator, which is cheap, has a wide frequencyrange and is integrable on chip. This also permits the use ofconventional and pre-designed building blocks for the second block.Unfortunately this kind of oscillator also adds a further amount ofjitter to the signal. This VCO intrinsic jitter is however easilyattenuated by feeding back the signal. Using the second loop filter SLFto remove both the justification jitter and the VCO jitter necessitatesa compromise for the characteristics of this filter. To filter away thejustification jitter, a narrow low-pass filter does best, but to filteraway the VCO jitter a wide filter does best, as it is positioned in thefeedback path of the VCO. In fact a hard feedback with a closed-loopgain of 1 is the best method to target the VCO jitter. Also the wantedbandwidth of the Hybrid Synchronizer of the present invention influenceson the selection of the corner frequency of the second loop filter SLF.

The Hybrid Synchronizer of the present invention behaves differently tojitter injected at various points in the circuit, and in variousfrequency bands. The four most significant jitter sources are the timingreference TR, the number-controlled oscillator NCO, the stable clock SCand the voltage-controlled oscillator VCO. The two most significantparameters affecting jitter attenuation are the bandwidth of the numericloop and the bandwidth of the analog loop. With a numeric-loop bandwidthof e.g. Hz and an analog-loop bandwidth of e.g. 100 kHz, three distinctfrequency bands exist.

In the lowest band, e.g. below 10 Hz, the Hybrid Synchronizer tracks itstiming reference TR and the justification jitter. However, thejustification jitter can be made insignificant in this band byexercising appropriate control of its spectrum within the NCO. Jitterfrom the stable clock SC is attenuated by the action of feedback aroundthe numeric loop. VCO jitter is heavily attenuated by the action offeedback around the analog loop. Consequently low-frequency jitter onthe timing reference TR can be the most significant jitter let throughto the output OC.

In the middle band, e.g. 10 Hz to 100 kHz, the justification jitter andany jitter on the stable clock SC both pass to the output OC withoutattenuation. It is for this reason that the stable clock SC ispreferably sourced from a crystal oscillator. Jitter from the timingreference TR is attenuated by the first loop filter FLF, and VCO jitteris attenuated by feedback around the analog loop.

In the highest band, e.g. above 100 kHz, it is the VCO jitter thatpasses straight to the output OC. However, the negative slope of the VCOjitter spectrum does help to moderate its contribution in this band.Jitter from the timing reference TR is heavily attenuated by the firstloop filter FLF. The justification jitter and any jitter on the stableclock SC are both attenuated by the second loop filter SLF.

Note that the Hybrid Synchronizer has the prospect of lower close-inphase noise and lower vibration sensitivity than VCXO-based PLLs. Thereare two reasons for this. The first is that the crystal oscillator thatgenerates the stable clock SC can be a free-running one. The second isthat it can use a crystal that has been cut for high Q rather thanfrequency accuracy over a range of temperatures.

Jitter Spectra

FIGS. 4A-4E show results achieved by simulating the Hybrid Synchronizerof the present invention under different conditions. All of thesefigures are graphs depicted in the same double logarithmic coordinatesystem, with frequency measured in Hertz on the x-axis and jitter on they-axis. Each of these figures comprises five curves: the spectraldensity of the Hybrid Synchronizer's intrinsic output jitter OJ, thespectral density of the justification jitter JJ, the spectral density ofthe filtered justification jitter FJJ, the spectral density of the VCOjitter VJ and the spectral density of the filtered VCO jitter FVJ.

The intrinsic output jitter OJ is measured at the output of the HybridSynchronizer of the present invention, the justification jitter JJ ismeasured across the number-controlled oscillator NCO with its controlinput held static, and the VCO jitter VJ is measured at the output ofthe voltage-controlled oscillator VCO with its control input heldstatic. The filtered justification jitter FJJ is that part of the outputjitter OJ originating from the justification jitter JJ, and the filteredVCO jitter FVJ is that part of the output jitter originating from theVCO jitter VJ.

All simulations have been done with a cascade-form embodiment of theinvention, as shown in FIG. 2B. The only differences between thesimulations are the order of noise shaping carried out within thenumber-controlled oscillator NCO, and the corner frequency of the analogloop.

FIGS. 4A and 4B are the results of performing first-order noise shaping,with corner frequencies of 10 kHz and 100 kHz. The justification jitterJJ is the same for both simulations, as it is only affected by the orderof noise shaping. It is easy to see the effect of noise shaping, as thejustification jitter is much greater at higher frequencies. The VCOjitter is also the same for both simulations, as it is not affected byany of the variable parameters in this simulation. As seen, the VCOjitter is worse for low frequencies.

The filtered justification jitter FJJ is the result of sending thejustification jitter JJ through the second block SBLK comprising a loopfilter SLF with effective low-pass corner frequency of 10 kHz or 100 kHzrespectively. Because of the positive slope of the justification jitterspectrum JJ, the peak density of the filtered justification jitter FJJincreases with the effective corner frequency of the loop filter SLF.

The filtered VCO jitter shows the result of the feedback loop 112 andthe second loop filter SLF. Because of the negative slope of the VCOjitter spectrum, the peak density of the filtered VCO jitter FVJdecreases when the effective corner frequency of the second loop filterSLF is increased. As this behaviour is the opposite of the behaviour ofthe filtered justification jitter, this suggests that a balance betweenthe filtering of the justification jitter and the filtering of the VCOjitter has to be found.

As seen from the output jitter graph OJ, the best result of the twosimulations with first-order noise shaping is FIG. 4B, where the cornerfrequency of the analog loop is 100 kHz.

In FIGS. 4C, 4D and 4E the same simulations are performed, but nowsecond-order noise shaping is carried out in the number-controlledoscillator NCO. The corner frequency of the second loop filter SLF is 10kHz, 100 kHz and 130 kHz in these three simulations. The justificationjitter JJ is the same for all three simulations, but compared to the 4Aand 4B simulations, the effect of second-order noise shaping instead offirst-order shaping is obvious. The second-order noise-shapedjustification jitter JJ is more effectively pushed towards highfrequencies, and the slope is steeper.

As a consequence of the better-shaped justification jitter JJ, thefiltered justification jitter FJJ in simulations 4C and 4D is smallerthan in the corresponding simulations 4A and 4B.

The VCO jitter VJ is still the same as in FIGS. 4A and 4B, as it is notaffected by the variable parameters. Therefore also the filtered VCOjitter FVJ is the same, in the simulations with the same cornerfrequency.

As the intrinsic output jitter OJ is mostly the sum of the filteredjustification jitter FJJ and the filtered VCO jitter FVJ, the outputjitter OJ gets smaller with the second-order noise shaping ofsimulations 4C and 4D than with the simulations 4A and 4B, though thedifference for the simulations with an analog loop corner frequency of10 kHz is negligible.

Regarding the order of noise shaping performed by the number-controlledoscillator NCO, it can be concluded that higher order is better, atleast up to the point where the order matches that of the closed-loopresponse roll-off of the analog loop. The disadvantage of this is ofcourse a more expensive circuit. With regards to the choice of a cornerfrequency for the analog loop, the conclusion is that a compromise mustbe made. Lower corner frequencies give more attenuation of thejustification jitter JJ but less attenuation of the VCO jitter VJ.Conversely, higher corner frequencies give more attenuation of the VCOjitter VJ but less attenuation of the justification jitter JJ. Aqualified pick of corner frequency, is a frequency close to where theVCO jitter graph VJ intersects with the justification jitter graph JJ.

Simulation 4E shows the result of such a qualified compromise withregards to choosing a corner frequency for the analog loop. The cornerfrequency is set to 130 kHz, and the number-controlled oscillator NCOprovides second-order noise shaping. The spectral density of the outputjitter OJ is the best compared to the other simulations 4A-4D, as seenfrom a signal-to-noise-ratio point of view. The output jitter OJ peakdensity in simulation 4E is approximately thirty times smaller than theoutput jitter OJ peak density of the simulations 4A and 4C where thecorner frequency is 10 kHz. At the same time, this peak appears atapprox. 100 kHz in simulation 4E, while it appears at approx. 5 kHz insimulations 4A and 4C. The latter is by far the worst regarding e.g.audio and video applications.

Another important aspect, when considering the bandwidth of the analogloop, is the sensitivity of the circuit to interference from supplynoise, substrate noise, capacitive and inductive crosstalk, vibrationetcetera. Feedback moderates all of these effects, which argues formaking the analog loop bandwidth as high as possible, within the otherconstraints.

Because it divorces the analog loop bandwidth from the reference jitterattenuation, the Hybrid Synchronizer enables robust designs with largeamounts of feedback disciplining the voltage-controlled oscillator.

Prior-Art NCOs

Through the above description of the Hybrid Synchronizer, anumber-controlled oscillator NCO has been comprised with the first blockFBLK. A number-controlled oscillator is a process or circuit that isclocked by a master clock and generates an event clock. These clocks aretypically rectangular waveforms. The edges of the event clock arejustified (i.e. aligned) to edges or interpolated phases of the masterclock. A numeric control input sets the frequency or period of the eventclock, relative to that of the master clock, with arbitrarily highprecision. Number-controlled oscillators as outlined above have alsobeen referred to as digitally-controlled oscillators and fractionalfrequency dividers. Commonly known number-controlled oscillators fallinto three categories, which are shown in FIGS. 5A-5C.

FIG. 5A shows a phase-accumulating number-controlled oscillator. Itcomprises an integrator NT, which is clocked by the master clock andaccumulates frequency control values. The event clock is established asthe most significant bit of the output value of the integrator. Theoutput frequency depends on the specific numeric format used, and maye.g. be calculated as the frequency control value multiplied by themaster clock frequency divided by the N^(th) power of 2, where N is thenumber of bits. Thus the bit-width determines the lowest frequencypossible for the event clock as the frequency of the master clockdivided by the N^(th) power of 2, while the highest possible frequencyof the event clock is the master clock divided by 2. A disadvantage ofphase-accumulating NCOs is that the event clocks they generate areimpure, containing discrete spectral spurs at beat frequencies.

FIG. 5B shows an edge-quota number-controlled oscillator. It comprises awordlength reducer WR, converting non-integer frequency control valuesinto integers. The output N of the wordlength reducer WR is sent to ablock, which for each G master clock periods outputs N event clockperiods. The value G is a predefined base number, and defines the lowestfrequency possible for the event clock as the frequency of the masterclock divided by G. This event clock frequency is achieved by inputtinga frequency control value of 1. The highest frequency possible for theevent clock is when the frequency control is set to G, thus producing anevent clock with the same frequency as the master clock. NCOs of thistype can give better results than phase-accumulating NCOs, but stilloffer only a modest amount of control over the spectrum of the jitter inthe generated event clock.

FIG. 5C shows a divider-based number-controlled oscillator. It comprisesa wordlength reducer WR, which converts non-integer period controlvalues into integers, and a multi-modulus divider. The wordlengthreducer WR is typically a noise shaper, e.g. a delta-sigma modulator.The event clock is established as the master clock divided by the outputN of the wordlength reducer WR. The highest possible frequency of theevent clock is limited by the peak instantaneous amplitude of the noisefrom the noise shaper. The lowest possible frequency depends on theresolution of the period control, and has no theoretical limit Suchdivider-based NCOs give a large amount of control over the jitterspectrum. This has made them popular in applications such asfractional-N frequency synthesis where clock purity is important. Onedisadvantage of such NCOs is that the noise introduced by the wordlengthreducer WR gets integrated by the divider before it appears as jitter.Hence e.g. a third-order noise shaper is required to achievesecond-order jitter shaping. Another disadvantage is that the peakinstantaneous jitter is not tightly bounded, again due to theintegrating action of the divider.

As seen, several types of number-controlled oscillator are alreadycommon in the art, but all of them have shortcomings of one kind oranother. A new type of number-controlled oscillator having fewershortcomings will now be described

High-Performance Number-Controlled Oscillation

A number-controlled oscillator according to an embodiment of the presentinvention first derives a stream of master-clock pointers MCP from aperiod control input PC by a process comprising accumulation/integrationand resolution reduction. It then constructs an event clock output EC byselecting those edges or interpolated phases of a provided master clockMC that are pointed to by the master-clock pointers MCP.

Such an oscillator may be referred to as a high-performancenumber-controlled oscillator, or just as a High-Performance NCO.

A High-Performance NCO according to the present invention is well suitedto use as NCO in the Hybrid Synchronizer of the present invention.However, it is emphasized that it is in no way limited to such use, butmay also be used in other circuits and applications. Indeed, theHigh-Performance NCO can provide clocks that are in many applications ofsufficient quality to be usable directly, i.e. without any additionaljitter filtering. This is particularly so if the master clock MC is afine-grain multiphase clock.

FIG. 6A shows a preferred embodiment of the High-Performance NCO of thepresent invention. It comprises an accumulator ACC, a resolution reducerRR and a clock renderer CR, all placed sequentially along the signalpath from a period control signal PC to an event clock signal EC. Thesignal between the accumulator ACC and the resolution reducer RR is astream of target times TT, and the signal between the resolution reducerRR and the clock renderer CR is the stream of master-clock pointers MCP.In addition to its master-clock pointers input MCP, the clock rendererCR also receives a master clock MC.

As will become apparent, because the resolution reduction is done afterthe accumulation, the associated quantization error does not getintegrated before it appears as jitter. Hence e.g. second-order jitterspectrum shaping requires only a second-order noise shaper.

It is noted in passing that the resolution reducer RR may alternativelybe placed before the accumulator, still within the scope of the presentinvention. That is however not a preferred embodiment, and will not bedescribed in detail.

The master clock MC may e.g. comprise a square clock signal preferablyderived from a crystal oscillator, a multiphase clock or other kinds ofsuitable clock forms. The period control value PC has an integer partand a fractional part, e.g. 2.6. The period control PC denotes thenumber of master clock MC periods for each ideal output period, thoughthe edges of the real output event clock EC must follow edges of themaster clock MC. The output event clock EC is thereby typically arectangular clock signal with mean frequency equal to the frequency ofthe master clock MC divided by the value given as period control PC.

The accumulator ACC is triggered by the event clock EC. This means thatthe accumulator ACC performs an accumulation at each event clock ECperiod. Thereby the target times TT indicate the times, expressed withrespect to a rising count of master clock MC edges, that an ideal outputclock event should occur. The capacity of the accumulator ACC ispreferably more than twice the maximum value of the period controlsignal PC, thus making it possible to add numbers each with the value ofthe period control signal PC. As the accumulator ACC naturally not hasinfinite resolution, its output target times TT will have a maximumvalue, e.g. 8.0, after reaching which they automatically wrap around,starting from 0.0 again. The accumulator ACC may be consideredequivalent to an integrator.

A main purpose of the resolution reducer RR is to reduce the resolution,by e.g. truncation or rounding, of the non-integer valued target timesTT to integer valued master-clock pointers MCP. Many differentembodiments of the resolution reducer RR are possible. Preferredembodiments may include using dithered quantization and/or errorfeedback to smooth or shape the quantization error, and hence thejitter, produced with a simple truncation. The resolution of themaster-clock pointers MCP is not necessarily as big as the resolution ofthe target times TT, as the master-clock pointers MCP will always haveinteger values. By converting a non-integer valued target time to aninteger valued master-clock pointer a pointer to a specific edge of themaster clock MC is established.

The clock renderer CR produces an output event clock EC according to itsinputs, i.e. the stream of master-clock pointers MCP and the masterclock MC, by letting each master-clock pointer address its correspondingmaster clock MC edge or interpolated phase. Embodiments of the clockrenderer CR may e.g. do this by means of counters, comparators,multiplexers or other suitable components.

Additional stages such as filters, auxiliary quantizers and saturationlimiters can be inserted at various places in the embodiment of FIG. 6Awithout affecting the basic operation or novelty of the circuit.

Many forms are possible for the event clock EC. At its most basic, itmay be a single-wire waveform to be used directly as a clock input tofollowing blocks. It may also be encoded or modulated to make it suitedfor a specific kind of transmission, or to add further information toit. It may also be used together with the master clock MC, to qualifyspecific edges of that clock, e.g. as a clock enable input. Alsomulti-wire forms are possible, e.g. as a multiphase clock. Furthermoreeach event in the event clock EC may comprise multiple sub-events, suchas pulse bursts instead of a single pulse, or encoded information.

Signal Progression

Due to reasons of explanation, a FIG. 6B is provided, showing how theperiod control signal PC logically may be divided into period controlrepresentations PCR. The period control signal PC, as used in FIG. 6Aabove, may be analog or digital, continuous or discrete, and it maychange at arbitrary times. It may thus be promoting for theunderstanding of the accumulator's operation, to logically divide theperiod control signal PC into exact time-delimited numbers. FIG. 6Bcomprises a timing diagram, showing a time axis TM, and the event clockEC. The event clock EC is included, as the accumulator ACC is clocked byit. This means that the accumulator ACC performs one accumulation perevent clock period ECP1 . . . ECPn. Further the diagram shows anexemplary progress of the period control signal PC. At first it has thevalue 2.6, but within the second event clock period ECP2, it changes tothe value 4.3. The last row shows what values are actually used by theaccumulator ACC at different times. These virtual values are referred toas period control representations PCR, and they have a time extent ofone event clock period ECP1 . . . ECPn. The first period controlrepresentation PCR1 has the value 2.6. So does the next period controlrepresentation PCR2, as the period control signal PC still has the value2.6 at the beginning of the second event clock period ECP2. But as theperiod control PC value has changed before the third event clock periodECP3, the third period control representation PCR3 gets the value 4.3.This results in the subsequent event clock periods ECP4 . . . ECPn beinglonger, and thus also stretching the duration of the subsequent periodcontrol representations PCR4 . . . PCRn.

FIG. 7 shows how the different signals develop with time, and how thejitter follows the quantization error. The upper signal is the masterclock MC. It is a constantly running clock with a constant frequency. InFIG. 7 there is a vertical dashed guideline for each master clock MCperiod.

The second signal of FIG. 7 is the period control PC. This signal iseither a digital or analog representation of a value having integer andfractional parts. In the example of FIG. 7 its value is 2.6 from thebeginning, and later changing to 4.3.

The third signal represents the target times TT. This is the output fromthe accumulator ACC, and the input to the resolution reducer RR. Thetarget-times signal TT is either a digital or analog representation ofvalues having integer and fractional parts. As seen from FIG. 7, thetarget-times signal TT is a running sum of period control values. In theexample of FIG. 7, the target-times signal TT is expressed modulo 8, butits boundaries can be anything.

The count 701 is simply a count of master clock MC periods modulo 8.

The target-times signal TT indicates the times expressed relative to themaster clock count 701 at which ideal clocks 702 would occur. Forexample, the first target time is 0.0, and the first ideal clock is atcount 0.0. Then the value of the period control signal PC is accumulatedwith the first target time, resulting in a second target time of 2.6,again meaning that the second ideal clock would occur at count 2.6. Thenext two target-time values of 5.2 (2.6+2.6) and 7.8 (5.2+2.6), alsofollow the ideal clock 702. When the addition within the accumulator ACCequals or exceeds 8.0, a value of 8.0 is subtracted from the value. Thisway the fifth target-time value of 2.4 is achieved by adding 2.6 to 7.8,resulting in 10.4, and then subtracting 8.0.

The fourth signal is the master-clock pointer signal MCP. This is theoutput of the resolution reducer RR, and the input to the clock rendererCR. The master-clock pointer signal MCP is a digital or analogrepresentation of an integer. The integer represented by themaster-clock pointer signal MCP is the value of the target-times signalTT resolution-reduced by means of e.g. dithered quantization, noiseshaping or any other method of converting a non-integer stream to aninteger stream. The master-clock pointer signal MCP of FIG. 7 shows howthe result of such a resolution conversion might look. The master-clockpointer signal MCP is used as control value in the clock renderer CR.

The sixth signal of FIG. 7 is an event clock EC, the output of theHigh-Performance NCO of the present invention. This is the result ofcombining the master clock MC with the master-clock pointer signal MCP.The event clock EC pulses occur at the master clock counts 701 indicatedby the master-clock pointer signal MCP. For example the firstmaster-clock pointer MCP is zero, and the first event clock EC occurs ata count of 0. Then the accumulator ACC triggered by the event clock ECperforms its first addition, resulting in a target-times value of 2.6,again resulting in a master-clock pointer value of 3. This indicates tothe clock renderer CR, that the next event clock EC should occur at acount of 3.

The last row at FIG. 7 is the justification jitter JJ. It is simply anindication of the time difference, on a pulse by pulse basis, betweenthe ideal clock 702 and the event clock EC. This time difference is thephenomenon called jitter. As seen from FIG. 7 the jitter exactly equalsthe quantization error. Quantization error refers to the difference,ignoring delay, between the resolution reducer's input signal and itsoutput signal.

The following sections describe embodiments of the different blocks ofthe High-Performance NCO of the present invention in further detail.

Resolution Reduction

FIG. 8A illustrates an embodiment of the accumulator ACC and resolutionreducer RR using a dithered quantizer to control the spectrum of thejitter. It comprises the input period control PC, which as said is adigital or analog representation of a number comprising both an integerpart and a fractional part. This period control signal PC is possiblysent to a summing point 801, where it is added to a dither signaloriginating from a dither source DS, before it is sent to theaccumulator ACC.

The accumulator ACC comprises a summing point 802, a delay block 804 anda feedback path 803. The delay block 804 is triggered by the event clockEC or similar, making the accumulator ACC perform one addition per eventclock EC. All signal paths within the accumulator ACC have at least thesame data resolution as the period control signal PC, ensuring that thetarget-times signal TT is a digital or analog representation of a numberwith that resolution or better.

Next the target-times signal TT is sent into a dithered quantizer DQ,acting as the resolution reducer RR of FIG. 6A. This comprises aquantizing block QU and optionally also a summing point 805 at which adither signal derived from a dither source DS is added to the signalbefore it is quantized. The output from the dithered quantizer DQ is adigital or analog representation of an integer-valued stream ofmaster-clock pointers MCP.

The dither sources DS are pseudo-random number generators or any otherappropriate sources, and they may comprise filters to shape the dithersignals. The dashed lines of the dithering blocks indicate that thedither signals may be injected at various points in the data pathincluding prior to the High-Performance NCO.

The quantized signal, master-clock pointers MCP, is at last sent to theclock renderer CR together with the master clock MC. The clock rendererCR produces an event clock signal EC from the two signals MCP and MC.Because of the added dither signal(s) the quantizing error, and therebythe justification jitter, is randomized, making its spectrum smooth andtypically white.

FIG. 8B illustrates a preferred embodiment of the accumulator ACC andresolution reducer RR, with a noise shaping circuit used as resolutionreducer RR. It comprises the period control input PC, which as said is adigital or analog representation of a number comprising both an integerpart and a fractional part. This period control signal PC is possiblysent to a summing point 801, where it is added to a dither signaloriginating from a dither source DS, before it is sent to theaccumulator ACC.

The accumulator ACC comprises a summing point 802, and a delay block 804positioned in a feedback path. The delay block 804 is triggered by theevent clock EC or similar, making the accumulator ACC perform oneaddition per event clock EC. All signal paths within the accumulator ACChave at least the same data resolution as the period control signal PC,ensuring that the target-times signal TT is a digital or analogrepresentation of a number with that resolution or better.

Next the target times signal TT is sent into a noise shaper NS, actingas the resolution reducer RR of FIG. 6A. The noise shaper NS comprises aquantizing block QU, a noise shaping component 902 and optionally also adither source DS. The output of the quantizing block QU is fed back tothe noise shaper component 902. The output from noise shaper NS is adigital or analog representation of an integer-valued stream ofmaster-clock pointers MCP.

The illustrated noise shaping structure 902 represents a conventionalnoise shaping structure, which may e.g. be a delta-sigma modulator orany other kind of noise shaping circuit. A preferred noise shapingstructure 902 has a signal transfer function of unity, but noise shapingcircuits with other signal transfer functions are applicable and withinthe scope of this invention.

The dither sources DS are pseudo-random number generators or any otherappropriate sources, and they may comprise filters to shape the dithersignals. The dashed lines of the dithering blocks indicate that thedither signal may be injected at various points in the data path.

The quantized signal, master-clock pointers MCP, is at last sent to theclock renderer CR together with the master clock MC. The clock rendererCR produces an event clock signal EC from the two signals MCP and MC.Because of the optionally added dither signal(s) and the noise shapingof the quantizing error, and thereby the justification jitter, thespectrum of the justification jitter is smoothed and pushed towards highfrequencies.

FIG. 9 shows an embodiment where the High-Performance NCO of the presentinvention is equipped with auxiliary outputs. These are needed e.g. whenthe High-Performance NCO of the present invention is a part of acascade-form Hybrid Synchronizer of the present invention, e.g. a HybridSynchronizer as illustrated in FIG. 2B, and described above.

The figure shows a High-Performance NCO of the present invention, asdescribed above and below. As described, it has a period control inputPC and an event clock output EC. In this embodiment it additionallyoutputs a frame sync FS and a feedback signal 111. When the NCO is usedwithin a cascade-form Hybrid Synchronizer as shown in FIG. 2B, thefeedback signal 111 is connected to the first detector FD of the firstblock FBLK.

The establishment of the frame sync FS and feedback signal 111 may bedone in different ways, and is in FIG. 9 shown very simple, by use of asimple frequency divider. A different and more sophisticated embodimentof the establishment of the auxiliary signals is described below withreference to FIG. 13.

In some applications there is a need to moderate the peak instantaneousamplitude of the jitter, e.g. so that a following phase detector is notdriven beyond its linear range. Some moderation can be achieved byincluding poles in the noise shaping function. Greater moderation can beachieved by hard limiting in the resolution reducer RR.

This also allows the frequency of the event clock EC to more closelyapproach that of the master clock MC.

FIG. 10 shows how a hard limiter can be incorporated within theresolution reducer RR. The limiter controls the quantization error,thereby directly limiting the instantaneous amplitude of thejustification jitter. It is even possible to apply separate spectrumshaping to the error component that is introduced by the limiter.

The resolution reducer of FIG. 10 comprises a noise shaper NS, theoutput of which is sent to a hard limiter HL. The hard limiter HL alsohas an input connected to the input of the noise shaper NS. The input ofthe noise shaper NS is the output of the accumulator ACC, i.e. thetarget-times signal TT. FIG. 10 further comprises an additional noiseshaping component HLNS. The dashed lines of the additional noise shapingcomponent HLNS imply that it is not always necessary.

The noise shaper NS of FIG. 10 comprises a dither source DS, a quantizerQU and a detailed view of a preferred noise shaping component 902. Thehard limiter HL comprises a quantizer HLQ, a hard limit function HLF andtwo summing points 1001 1002.

As the hard limiter HL thus has access to both the input and the outputof the noise shaper NS, it is able to limit the difference betweenthese, and thereby limit the peak amplitude of the justification jitter.

If the limiting values to be applied are integers, the hard limiter HLcan be simplified by removal of the quantizer HLQ and the two summingpoints 1001 1002.

It is also possible to include a hard limit function directly in thequantization block of a noise shaper. This is well known in the field ofdelta-sigma modulation.

Clock Rendering

The stream of master-clock pointers MCP may be rendered to an eventclock EC in many different ways. One way is to differentiate it, bysubtracting the value of each pointer from that of its predecessor, andto apply the differentiated stream to the control input of amulti-modulus divider dividing the master clock MC. FIGS. 11A-11Cillustrate three other ways of rendering the event clock EC.

FIG. 11A shows a comparator-based embodiment of a clock renderer CR. Itcomprises a counter CNT and a comparator COM. The counter CNT has asinput the master clock MC, and the comparator COM has as inputs thestream of master-clock pointers MCP and the output of the counter CNT.The output of the comparator COM is the event clock EC.

The counter CNT is a wrapping counter, which preferably has the samecapacity as the master-clock pointers. The comparator COM can be of anysuitable type including, but not exclusively, identity comparator typesand modulo magnitude comparator types. At each master clock MC thecomparator COM compares the values of the counter CNT and the currentmaster-clock pointer. If they are equal, an event clock EC pulse isgenerated.

FIG. 11B shows a multiplexer-based embodiment of a clock renderer CR. Itcomprises a multiplexer MPX. To the multiplexer MPX are input themaster-clock pointer signal MCP and the master clock MC, which is inthis case a multiphase master clock MMC. The output of the multiplexerMPX is the event clock signal EC.

A multiphase master clock MMC may physically be established and embodiedin several ways, one of which is as such: The multiphase master clockMMC comprises a number of wires, each carrying a clock. The clocks ofthe different wires all have the same frequency, but have differentphase offsets. A multiphase master clock comprising e.g. eight differentclocks each with a frequency of e.g. 1 MHz, but also phase shifted 45degrees to each other, can be interpreted as a single clock with afrequency of 8 MHz. Such a multiphase master clock MMC may be obtainedfrom a multistage delay line, from a ring oscillator, from adelay-locked loop, or from a clocked state machine, but otherpossibilities are within the scope of this invention, too. Themultiplexer MPX dynamically lets the master-clock pointer select one ofthe phases of the multiphase master clock MMC.

FIG. 11C shows an embodiment of the clock renderer CR that is acombination of the embodiments of FIGS. 11A and 11B. It comprises acontrol block CB, a multiplexer MPX and a chain of dividers 1101 . . .1104. The master clock MC clocks the first divider 1101, which outputs alocal multiphase clock having four components phase-shifted 90 degreesto each other. The outputs of the other dividers 1102 . . . 1104 aretaken to the control block CB, as is the master-clock pointer signalMCP. The multiplexer MPX dynamically selects between the four clockphases and a null signal, under the control of the control block CB. Theoutput of the multiplexer MPX is the event clock EC.

The multiplexer MPX works the same way as with the embodiment of FIG.11B. The control block CB is used to control when the multiplexer isenabled. This is necessary if the maximum possible value of themaster-clock pointer is higher than the number of different phases ofthe multiphase master clock MMC. The control block CB may comprise apipelined comparator. A benefit of this embodiment compared e.g. to theembodiment of FIG. 11A is that it can operate with master clocks of muchhigher frequencies.

The embodiments of FIGS. 11A-11C justify the event clock EC to edges ofthe master clock MC. Variants are possible in which the edge selectionstep is followed by or combined with a phase interpolation step. Pairsof consecutive edges might be selected on the basis of themost-significant bits of the master-clock pointers MCP, with one or moreof the least-significant bits controlling interpolation between thoseedges. As is known, phase interpolation can be achieved in a variety ofways, including by summing differently phased finite-slope copies of themaster clock.

Two-Stage Circuits

FIG. 12 shows an embodiment where the resolution reducer RR and theclock renderer CR are divided into two stages. Basically the figurecomprises a two-stage resolution reducer TSRR and a two-stage clockrenderer TSCR. The input to the two-stage resolution reducer TSRR is thetarget-times signal TT, and the output of the two-stage clock rendererTSCR is the event clock EC, and an optional basic clock BC.

The two-stage resolution reducer TSRR comprises a word splitter WS and anoise shaping unit NSU. The word splitter WS splits the target-timessignal TT into an integer part, being a stream of basic master-clockpointers BMCP, and a fractional part, which is sent to the noise shapingunit NSU. This approach makes the implementation of noise shaping andoptionally hard limiting less complicated, as it is now only thefractional part that is to be processed, instead of numbers of arbitrarymagnitude. The noise shaping unit NSU may be any of the types describedabove as noise shaper NS of FIG. 8B, or other suitable noise shapingunits, and it may comprise a hard limiter HL e.g. as described withreference to FIG. 10 above. The output of the noise shaping unit NSU isan integer-valued stream of master-clock pointer corrections MCPC, whichtogether with the basic master-clock pointers BMCP form pointers to themaster clock MC.

The two-stage clock renderer TSCR comprises a basic clock renderer BCRand a clock corrector CC. In addition to the basic master-clock pointersBMCP and the master-clock pointer corrections MCPC, it receives themaster clock MC. The basic master-clock pointers BMCP are input to thebasic clock renderer BCR, which generates a basic clock BC by using themas pointers to edges of the master clock MC. The basic clock BC is inputto the clock corrector CC, which applies the information given by themaster-clock pointer corrections MCPC to it. The clock corrector CC maybe implemented as a variable delay, but any other implementation iswithin the scope of this invention. The basic clock BC is also useful inits own right, in some applications, and is therefore shown as anoptional output of the clock renderer CR. It is more regular than theevent clock EC, and is therefore more suited to such things as theregulation of signal flows in pipelined circuits, which may include theaccumulator ACC and the resolution reducer RR.

In some digital signal processing applications, it is useful for the NCOto provide a residue signal, being simply a stream of numbersrepresenting the justification jitter. Such a signal may readily be madeavailable from the High-Performance NCO of the present invention, as mayother auxiliary outputs, including counts and additional clocks. A countmight be e.g. the local system time count of an MPEG-2 System, or thelocal cycle time count of an IEEE 1394 bus. Additional clocks might havedifferent noise shaping and/or frequency to the primary clock output.

FIG. 13 illustrates an embodiment where the High-Performance NCO of thepresent invention is equipped with auxiliary outputs. The figure is thesame as FIG. 12 above, except for the addition of a divider 1201, aframe sync output FS and a feedback output FBO.

The feedback output FBO is formed by the basic clock BC, which is theoutput of the basic clock renderer BCR, plus a fractional part FP, whichis the output of the word splitter WS, plus a basic frame sync BFS whichis the output of the divider 1201. Such a feedback output isadvantageous when the High-Performance NCO of the present invention is apart of a cascade-form Hybrid Synchronizer of the present invention,e.g. a Hybrid Synchronizer as illustrated in FIG. 2B.

The divider 1201 produces a basic frame sync signal BFS by dividing thebasic clock BC. If this signal is variably delayed by the clockcorrector CC in the same way as the basic clock BC, the frame syncsignal FS is generated.

Justification Jitter

FIG. 14 shows the results of different levels of noise shaping withinthe High-Performance NCO of the present invention. It comprises threecurves JJ0 JJ1 JJ2. The horizontal axis is logarithmic, and containsfrequency values measured in Hz (Hertz). The vertical axis is alsologarithmic, and contains the jitter spectral density, with

$\frac{ps}{\sqrt{Hz}}\left( {{picoseconds}\mspace{14mu} {per}\mspace{14mu} {root}\mspace{14mu} {Hertz}} \right)$

as units of measure.

The first curve JJ0 shows the spectral density of the justificationjitter output by the High-Performance NCO of the present invention, whenthe resolution reducer RR incorporates just dithered quantization. Thecurve clearly shows that the justification jitter is then equallydistributed throughout the whole spectrum.

The second curve JJ1 also shows the spectral density of thejustification jitter, but this time a dithered first order noise shapingcircuit is placed within the resolution reducer RR. This circuit hasbeen configured to bias the justification jitter to higher frequencies,where it may be less troublesome and is easier to remove. It can be seenfrom the curve how the low frequency jitter for frequencies up toapproximately 10 kHz is reduced by more than one-hundred times comparedto the case without noise shaping, and how the high frequency jitter isincreased instead.

The third curve JJ2 again shows the spectral density of thejustification jitter, this time with a second order noise shapingcircuit placed within the resolution reducer RR. It is clear that thesecond order noise shaping circuit is a great improvement to the firstorder shaping. With second order shaping the reduction is more thanone-hundred times from the low frequencies to as high as 100 kHz.

Composite Clocks

The output clock OC and also the intermediate clock IC are possiblycomposite signals comprising both an event clock component OEC IEC and aframing component OFS IFS. They may have several different physicalformats in different embodiments of the invention. For example, theframing component may be part of a time count. Further examples ofcomposite formats are given in FIGS. 15A-15D. Also possible is to codethe event clock and framing on a single wire.

FIG. 15A shows an example of a composite clock comprising two signalwires. The first wire is used for the event clock information, and thesecond wire is used to transmit frame sync information. In the examplefive event-clock pulses are shown, and one frame sync pulse. There areno physical restrictions as to the number of event-clock pulsescorresponding to each frame sync pulse.

FIG. 15B shows an example of another format, a multiphase clock, whichalso is capable of carrying both event clock and frame sync information.The physical connection is established by means of several wires. In theexample given, four wires are used, thereby physically defining a frameto comprise four event-clock pulses. The frame information is derived byreading only one of the wires, whereas the event clock information isderived by considering the four wires all together.

An additional exemplary format is shown in FIG. 15C. This formatrequires two wires, the signals of which are both modulated with theevent clock information and the frame sync information. For everyevent-clock pulse there is a corresponding transition (edge) on one ofthe wires. The transition is normally on the first wire, but is on thesecond wire at frame boundaries. This format has no restrictionsregarding the number of event-clock pulses corresponding to each frame.

The last example of a composite format given, whereas not the lastpossible such format within the scope of this invention, is shown inFIG. 15D. This format requires three wires. The first wire is used fortransmitting a parent clock to which the event clock and the frame syncsignals are referred. The second wire is used solely for transmittingthe event-clock pulses, which are separated by a fixed or variablenumber of parent-clock pulses. The third wire is used for thetransmission of the frame sync signal, the pulses of which are spaced bya fixed number of event-clock pulses. With this signal format there areno physical restrictions regarding the number of event-clock pulsescorresponding to each frame sync pulse.

Frame Locking

As mentioned above when describing the cascade-form Hybrid Synchronizerof FIG. 2B, the second detector takes as reference input both anintermediate event clock IEC and an intermediate frame sync IFS, andcompares these to the feedback inputs 112 113, which are derived fromthe output event clock OEC and the output frame sync OFS. As a clocksignal and its corresponding frame sync signal by definition ought to besynchronized, the detector used as second detector SD for the cascadeform of the Hybrid Synchronizer of the present invention must be able todo phase detection on both the event clock signal and the frame syncsignal and furthermore keep them synchronized to each other. Whatrequirements and solutions this synchronization comprises depend on theactual application. A possible requirement may be to preserve the samenumber of clock events in each frame. If the timing of the frame syncsignal is most important, a solution may be to remove or add clockevents to each frame, letting the frame timing be constant and the clockevent timing variable. If the clock timing is most important, theopposite solution may be obvious, thus preserving the original clockevents, but stretching or shrinking each frame accordingly. Severalother requirements and solutions to the synchronization problem arepossible.

As seen above, it is important when locking to a composite clock signalcomprising several signals synchronized to each other, by means e.g. ofa phase detector or a phase-locked loop, that this synchronization ispreserved, even though the timing, phase or frequency of the signal maybe adjusted by the phase-locked loop.

In one common approach to the problem, the phase detector of thephase-locked loop is run at the frame rate rather than the clock rate,thus discarding the clock signal. However, as well as causing jitteraliasing, this lowers the signal-to-noise ratio and raises the loopdelay. This in turn forces the loop bandwidth down, leading to higherintrinsic jitter and greater susceptibility to interference. Moreover acrystal-based oscillator is often necessary to make it work well.

By running the phase detector at the event clock rate, these problemscan be sidestepped, but the frame sync signal is thus discarded, wherebyomitting frame locking. The output frame sync signal is established bydividing the output clock signal. A common way to yet facilitate framelocking, is to use the reference frame sync signal to reset the dividergenerating the output frame sync signal. One significant disadvantage ofthis technique is that it causes some output frames to have a differentnumber of event clocks, which is undesirable in most applications.

A common solution to this problem is to add a pulse swallower, being ablock that selectively blanks out some of the event-clock pulses, to thedivider, thereby avoiding the clock events in excess. On the other hand,the pulse swallower is not able to add clock events to a frame havinginsufficient clock events. Another drawback of the pulse swallowersolution is the irregular time gaps arising in the output clock signalinstead of the superfluous clock events.

The loop bandwidth compromises, frame length errors and clockdiscontinuities described above may be avoided by using a new type ofphase/time detector, which will now be described.

Combined Clock-and-Frame Asynchrony Detection

An asynchrony detector according to an embodiment of the presentinvention is a phase or time detector that can respond not just to theprimary components of its input signals, but also to secondarycomponents of those signals. Consequently it may be configured tomeasure the phase/time offset between composite clocks each comprisinge.g. an event clock component and a framing component.

Such a detector may be referred to as a combined clock-and-frameasynchrony detector, or just as a Combined Detector.

A Combined Detector according to the present invention enables thecascade-form Hybrid Synchronizer of FIG. 2B. However, it is emphasizedthat it is in no way limited to such use, but may also be used in othercircuits and applications.

FIG. 16 shows an outline of a Combined Detector CD of the presentinvention. As inputs the Combined Detector CD has a first input signalIS1 and a second input signal IS2. Each input signal IS1 IS2 comprises afirst signal component IS1A IS2A and a second signal component IS1BIS2B. The information carried by the first signal component IS1A of thefirst input signal IS1 is comparable to the information carried by thefirst signal component IS2A of the second input signal IS2. Accordinglythe information carried by the second signal components IS1B IS2B ofeach input signal IS1 IS2 is comparable. The Combined Detector CD hasone output CDO, which may be established according to the phase/timedifference between the first signal component IS1A of the first inputsignal IS1 and the first signal component IS2A of the second inputsignal IS2. Alternatively the Combined Detector CD may choose toestablish the output signal CDO according to the phase/time differencebetween the second signal components IS1B IS2B of each input signal IS1IS2. Furthermore the Combined Detector CD may establish the outputsignal CDO partly according to the phase/time difference between thefirst signal components IS1A IS2A of each input signal IS1 IS2, andpartly according to the phase/time difference between the second signalcomponents IS1B IS2B. It is noted that embodiments of the CombinedDetector of the present invention having more than two input signalsand/or more than two components for each signal, thus being able toestablish the output CDO on the basis of phase/time differences measuredbetween any combination of any signal components of any input signals,are fully within the scope of the present invention.

Different criteria for when the Combined Detector should use one method,and when it should use another, may be established. One preferredcriterion could be to normally let the phase/time difference between thefirst signal components IS1A IS2A control the output, but simultaneouslymonitor the phase/time difference between the second signal componentsIS1B IS2B, and if it exceeds a predefined threshold then let it controlthe output, until the phase difference has fallen below that threshold.

The Combined Detector of the present invention may be implemented withcontinuous-time parts and/or discrete-time parts, and its output myrepresent a phase angle or a time interval. However, for concretenessour description and presented embodiments are of Combined Detectors thatoperate in continuous time and do phase detection.

In the following, different embodiments of the Combined Detector of thepresent invention are described in the context of a cascade-form HybridSynchronizer of the present invention. This is due to simplicity of thedescriptions given, and it is hereby stated, that the use of theCombined Detector alone, as well as in any application context, iswithin the scope of the present invention.

Using Interleaving

FIG. 17 shows a first embodiment of the Combined Detector inventionimplemented as second detector SD of the cascade form of the HybridSynchronizer of the present invention. FIG. 17 comprises the secondblock SBLK of the Hybrid Synchronizer. In accordance therewith, theCombined Detector CD is shown with two pairs of inputs: The intermediateclock corresponding to first input signal IS1 of FIG. 16 comprising anintermediate event clock IEC and an intermediate frame sync IFS, and afeedback signal corresponding to second input signal IS2 of FIG. 16comprising a feedback event clock 112 and a feedback frame sync 113.Together with the Combined Detector CD, FIG. 17 further comprises thesecond loop filter SLF, the voltage-controlled oscillator VCO and thedivider of the Hybrid Synchronizer second loop. As mentioned above, theCombined Detector is shown with these components and wirings due toexemplification only.

The Combined Detector CD of FIG. 17 comprises a bank of basic detectorsDET1 . . . DETn, which are interleaved. They are preferably conventionalphase detectors, but may also be time detectors or other kinds ofasynchrony detectors. That the drawing comprises exactly four basicdetectors is due to exemplification, and it is noted that any number ofbasic detectors is within the scope of the invention. Recognized as oneunit, the bank of basic detectors takes two inputs, a multiphaseintermediate clock MPIC, derived from the intermediate clock, and amultiphase feedback clock MPFC, derived from the feedback signal. Eachof these comprises several separate wires, one for each basic detectorDET1 . . . DETn, thereby facilitating a multiphase clock e.g. physicallyrepresented as shown in FIG. 15B, to be used as input to the detectorbank.

The multiphase intermediate clock MPIC may be established from anintermediate clock signal IC, comprising an intermediate event clock IECand an intermediate frame sync IFS, by the use of an reference dividerRDIV having a clock input connected to the intermediate event clock IEC,and having another input connected to the intermediate frame sync IFS.This enables the Combined Detector to be connected to the output of theHigh-Performance NCO of the present invention in the cascade form of theHybrid Synchronizer of the present invention.

The multiphase feedback clock MPFC my be established in a similar way,by means of a feedback divider FDIV, which clock input is the feedbackevent clock 112, and second input is the feedback frame sync 113. Withthe cascade-form Hybrid Synchronizer example of FIG. 17, the feedbackevent clock 112 is derived from the output event clock OEC, and thefeedback frame sync 113 is derived from the output frame sync OFS.

The reference divider RDIV and the feedback divider FDIV bothfrequency-divide their inputs by e.g. four, when four basic detectorsDET1 . . . DETn are present. They provide multiphase outputs withcomponents at e.g. 0, 90, 180 and 270 degrees. Each basic detector DET1. . . DETn then establishes an output according to the phase orfrequency difference between its inputs, and these outputs are summedwithin a summing point 171. The Combined Detector output CDO is used tocontrol the voltage-controlled oscillator VCO.

Any one of the basic detectors DET1 . . . DETn would be able to lock theloop on its own, but by having a number of basic detectors, e.g. four,working simultaneously, the aggregate detection rate equals the clockrate rather than the frame rate.

The reference divider RDIV together with its inputs IEC IFS are showndashed, because an alternative embodiment of the Combined Detector CDomits these, and instead takes a multiphase input MPIC directly from thesource Similarly the feedback divider FDIV may optionally be combinedwith the divider block 18 of the second block SBLK of the cascade-formHybrid Synchronizer.

This embodiment of the Combined Detector of the present inventionfeatures a wide linear range.

Using Counters

When a frame contains a large number of clock periods, the embodimentdescribed above becomes impractical, as an accordingly large number ofbasic detectors would be necessary. An embodiment of the CombinedDetector of the present invention that more efficiently enables the useof long frames is shown in FIG. 18.

This embodiment is based on the use of one or more counters, and againthe Combined Detector is shown as second detector SD of the cascade formof the Hybrid Synchronizer of the present invention. It comprises areference counter RCTR, a feedback counter FCTR, an asynchronous summer181 and a digital-to-analog converter DAC. The reference counter RCTRand the feedback counter FCTR are wrapping modulo-N counters, where N isthe frame length, i.e. the number of clock events comprised in eachframe. The counter values RCV FCV output by the counters RCTR FCTRcomprise numeric values in digital form, therefore requiring buses of acertain width.

The Combined Detector CD of FIG. 18 has four inputs, an intermediateevent clock IEC and intermediate frame sync IFS, together forming theintermediate clock IC, and a feedback event clock 112 and feedback framesync 113. The intermediate event clock IEC and intermediate frame syncIFS are connected to the reference counter RCTR, and the feedback eventclock 112 and feedback frame sync 113 are connected to the feedbackcounter FCTR. The Combined Detector further comprises one output CDO.

The embodiment of FIG. 18 further comprises a second loop filter SLFcorresponding to the second loop filter of FIG. 2B, feeding avoltage-controlled oscillator VCO corresponding to thevoltage-controlled oscillator of FIG. 2B, feeding a dividercorresponding to the divider block 18 of FIG. 2B. These components maybe implemented as described above regarding the Hybrid Synchronizer ofthe present invention. The VCO provides the output event clock OEC,which is also fed back as the feedback event clock 112. The dividerprovides the output frame sync OFS, which is also fed back as thefeedback frame sync113.

The reference counter RCTR counts the clock events of the intermediateevent clock IEC. It is frame-locked to the intermediate frame syncsignal IFS. The feedback counter FCTR counts the clock events of thefeedback event clock 112, and is frame-controlled by the feedback framesync 113. The asynchronous summer 181 performs e.g. modulo-N subtractionof the counter values RCV FCV, outputting a number e.g. in the range −½Nto +½N. This counter difference is converted to an analog value CDO bythe digital-to-analog converter DAC, and this analog value CDO is usedto control the voltage-controlled oscillator VCO.

This embodiment of the Combined Detector of the present inventionfeatures rapid pull-in, and a wide linear range.

It is noted that the digital-to-analog converter DAC may have feweroutput levels than input levels. For example, it might have a saturatingcharacteristic and just two output levels, representing the numbers −½and +½. This would reduce the implementation cost, but would alsosignificantly reduce the linear range.

FIGS. 17 and 18 emphasize the similarities between embodiments that useinterleaving and embodiments that use counters. It should be apparentthat these two approaches may be used together. Adding a degree ofinterleaving to a counter-based embodiment may make it significantlymore tolerant of input jitter.

The counter-based embodiment of FIG. 18 may be varied in several ways.As it may be beneficial to sidestep the need for an asynchronous summer181, other ways of determining the phase or frequency difference betweenthe intermediate frame sync and the feedback frame sync are possible.One such variant may be implemented using a dual-flip-flop phasedetector commonly known in the art, by adding to it slip detection,frame capture and a synchronous state machine. Another possibility is toreplace the two counters RCTR FCTR with a single asynchronous up/downcounter.

More generally, it is noted that Combined Detectors may be built aroundmany different types of conventional detectors. The additional circuitrymight augment or override the conventional detector's outputs(s).Alternatively or additionally it might pre-process the conventionaldetector's inputs.

Using Flancters

Solutions using asynchronous summers or counters are prone to problemsassociated with glitching and metastability. FIG. 19A shows a moresophisticated embodiment of the Combined Detector of the presentinvention, which addresses these issues. Unlike FIGS. 17 and 18, thisembodiment is not shown in the context of the second block of acascade-form Hybrid Synchronizer of the present invention. This is dueto the complexity of the embodiment, and it is noted that thisembodiment as well as the other possible embodiments of the CombinedDetector may be used as second detector in a cascade-form HybridSynchronizer, or in any other application that would benefit fromimplementing frame locking together with or instead of conventionalclock locking. The embodiment of FIG. 19A may thus contextuallycorrespond to the second detector SD of FIG. 2B.

The embodiment comprises a reference synchronous state machine RSSMwhich is clocked by a first component IS1A of a first input signal IS1,and a feedback synchronous state machine FSSM which is clocked by afirst component IS2A of a second input signal IS2. The first componentsIS1A IS2A may correspond to the intermediate event clock IEC and thefeedback event clock 112 of FIG. 2B. Furthermore the embodimentcomprises a number of “flancters” F1 . . . F4, and a combinatorial blockCMB. A flancter is a small circuit that establishes a status flag, whichis set in one clock domain and cleared in another. Each flanctercomprises two flip-flops FF1 FF2, and is connected to the combinatorialblock CMB by its primary output, which is generated as the logicalexclusive-or XOR of the states of those flip-flops FF1 FF2. In eachflancter, the first flip-flop FF1 is clocked by the first component IS1Aof the first input signal IS1, and is driven from the referencesynchronous state machine RSSM, and the second flip-flop FF2 is clockedby the first component IS2A of the second input signal IS2, and isdriven from the feedback synchronous state machine FSSM. Each statemachine RSSM FSSM sees the outputs of all the flip-flops FF1 FF2 of allthe flancters F1 . . . F4. Where signals cross clock boundaries, theyare synchronized typically using the standard cascade of two flip-flops,not shown. The state machines RSSM FSSM are internally configured suchthat the flancters' primary outputs are only ever set from the referenceside, and are only ever cleared from the feedback side.

The portion of FIG. 19A that is shown in solid lines, which includesjust three of the four flancters, can be used on its own as anon-frame-locking phase-frequency detector. On every event on the firstcomponent IS1A of the first input signal IS1 exactly one of theflancters F1 . . . F3 is set, unless they are all already high. On everyevent on the first component IS2A of the second input signal IS2,exactly one of the flancters F1 . . . F3 is cleared, unless they are allalready low. Together, the bank of flancters F1 . . . F3 forms a unarycounter, as the number of them that are high indicates how many clockperiods are between corresponding events on the first components IS1AIS2A of the two input signals IS1 IS2. The more the first component IS1Aof the first input signal IS1 is ahead of the first component IS2A ofthe second input signal IS2, the more flancters will be high. To enablethe system to know whether the first component IS2A of the second inputsignal IS2 is ahead of the first component IS1A of the first inputsignal IS1, some of the flancters are initially set to high, thus givingthe unary counter an offset. The combinatorial block CMB establishes aCombined Detector output signal CDO on the basis of the flancteroutputs, such that e.g. zero or one high flancter causes the outputsignal CDO to be instantaneously low, and two or three high flancterscauses the output signal CDO to be instantaneously high. The outputsignal CDO is e.g. used to control a voltage-controlled oscillator VCO,in turn controlling e.g. the second input signal IS2 by means offeedback wiring, as e.g. shown in FIG. 2B. When the first component IS2Aof the second input signal IS2 is synchronized to the first componentIS1A of the first input signal IS1, the number of high flancters will bealternating between one and two, in turn causing the output signal CDOto alternate between low and high.

To implement locking to a second signal component, carrying e.g. framesync information, the embodiment of FIG. 19A further comprises a fourthflancter F4, a frame offset counter FOC, a force-up signal FUP and aforce-down signal FDN. Furthermore a second component IS1B of the firstinput signal IS1 is input to the reference synchronous state machineRSSM, and a second component IS2B of the second input signal IS2 isinput to the feedback synchronous state machine FSSM. The secondcomponents IS1B IS2B may correspond to the intermediate frame sync IFSand the feedback frame sync 113 of FIG. 2B.

The unary counter is now four bits wide. Additionally the fourthflancter F4 is used to communicate the timing of the e.g. feedback framesync IS2B to the frame offset counter FOC. This may be done, forexample, by having the feedback synchronous state machine FSSM clear thefourth flancter F4 only on feedback event clocks IS2A that correspond tofeedback frame boundaries. The frame offset counter FOC is clocked bythe first component IS1A of the first input signal IS1, and iscontrolled by the fourth flancter F4 in such a way that it keeps recordof the offset between the feedback framing and the reference framing,this offset being measured in units of clock cycles on the firstcomponent IS1A of the first input signal IS1. The frame offset counterFOC may be a wrapping counter with a range of −½N to +½N, where N is theframe length, i.e. the number of clocks in one frame.

As the circuit still detects phase differences between the clock inputsby means of the flancters, and subsequently controls theirsynchronization, but does not know which event on the first componentIS2A of the second input signal IS2 corresponds to which event on thefirst component IS1A of the first input signal IS1, the combinatorialblock CMB's normal behaviour is overridden by the force-up andforce-down signals FUP FDN. These signals are controlled according tothe frame offset counter FOC, and cause the output signal CDO of thecombinatorial block CMB to e.g. stay high, even though the firstcomponents IS1A IS2A are synchronized. As the difference between thesecond components IS1B IS2B disappears, the frame offset counter willevaluate to zero, causing neither the force-up FUP nor the force-downFDN signal to be active, and again letting the combinatorial block CMBestablish the output CDO on the basis of the flancters' outputs.

To allow the frame offset counter FOC to be maintained accuratelythrough clock slips, it is useful to keep the unary counter from hittingits end-stops. This can be done by having the reference synchronousstate machine RSSM set not one but two flancters when the unary count isparticularly low, and similarly, by having it set zero flancters whenthe unary count is particularly high. Such adjustments must beaccompanied by corresponding changes to the frame offset counter FOC.Using more than four flancters can ease the timing of such adjustments.

FIG. 19B shows an embodiment of the Combined Detector. As with FIG. 19Adescribed above, and for the same reasons, this embodiment is not shownin the context of the second block of the cascade form of the HybridSynchronizer of the present invention.

This embodiment comprises a reference synchronous state machine RSSMwhich is clocked by a reference event clock, being a first componentIS1A of a first input signal IS1. It further comprises a feedbacksynchronous state machine FSSM which is clocked by a feedback eventclock, being a first component IS2A of a second input signal IS2. Itfurther comprises a combinatorial block CMB and a frame offset counterFOC. The reference state machine RSSM outputs a reference event countREC to the combinatorial block CMB, and this signal is also copied tothe feedback state machine FSSM. Similarly, the feedback state machineoutputs a feedback event count FEC to the combinatorial block, whichsignal is also copied to the reference state machine RSSM. Additionallya frame communication signal FCS is connected from the feedback statemachine FSSM to the reference state machine RSSM. The frame offsetcounter FOC is clocked synchronously to the reference state machine RSSMand has access to signals in the reference state machine RSSM. In theshown embodiment it is placed within the reference synchronous statemachine RSSM, but it may, in alternative embodiments within the scope ofthe present invention, be placed either in a different synchronous statemachine or outside any state machine. The frame offset counter FOCoutputs a force-up signal FUP and a force-down signal FDN, which areconnected to inputs of the combinatorial block CMB. On the basis of theevent counts REC FEC from the synchronous state machines RSSM FSSM andthe control signals FUP FDN from the frame offset counter FOC, thecombinatorial block CMB establishes an output signal CDO.

The reference event count REC is a wrapping gray-coded value that isnormally incremented by the reference state machine RSSM at everyreference event clock. Likewise, the feedback event count FEC is awrapping gray-coded value that is normally incremented by the feedbackstate machine FSSM at every feedback event clock. The combinatorialblock CMB normally drives its output CDO high or low according to thesign of the difference between the reference event count REC and thefeedback event count FEC. This count difference is evaluated in offsetmodulo maths. For reliable acquisition, the state machines actually onlyincrement their counts when this cannot cause the count difference towrap. In this way, the circuit's core behaviour is that of aphase-frequency detector. The event counts may for example be four bitswide. The required width is independent of the frame length N.

A reference frame sync IS1B and a feedback frame sync IS2B, being secondcomponents of the two input signals IS1 IS2, are applied to thereference and feedback state machines RSSM FSSM respectively. Thefeedback state machine communicates the occurrence and timing offeedback frame syncs to the reference state machine RSSM via the framecommunication signal FCS. This communication may include an indicationof the value of the feedback event count FEC that was associated withthe most recent frame boundary. The frame offset counter FOC iscontrolled in such a way that it keeps record of the offset between thereference frame sync IS1B and the feedback frame sync IS2B, this offsetbeing measured in units of reference event clock cycles. The force-upand force-down signals FUP FDN are controlled according to the frameoffset counter FOC. They override the normal behaviour of thecombinatorial block CMB, causing its output CDO to e.g. stay high, eventhough the event clocks IS1A IS2A are synchronized. As the offsetbetween the frame syncs IS1B IS2B disappears, the frame offset counterwill evaluate to zero, causing neither the force-up FUP nor theforce-down FDN signal to be active, and again letting the combinatorialblock CMB establish the output CDO on the basis of the count difference.

Known ways of extending phase detector linear range may readily beapplied to the Combined Detector embodiments described with FIGS. 19Aand 19B, in which case the output CDO typically becomes a multi-wiresignal.

The embodiments of FIGS. 19A and 19B have been described assuming thetype of composite clock and frame sync signals illustrated in FIG. 15Aabove. It is noted that embodiments similar to those of FIGS. 19A-19Bmay be derived using any of the other signal types described with theFIGS. 15B-15D or any other composite signal comprising an event clockcomponent and a framing component. Other variants of the embodimentdescribed with reference to FIGS. 19A and 19B uses e.g. flip-flops thattrigger on both edges, facilitating the use of even more different clocksignal types.

Transfer Characteristics

FIGS. 20A-20C shows phase detector transfer characteristics according tothe above described embodiments of the Combined Detector of the presentinvention. The three drawings all comprise a coordinate system,depicting the mean Combined Detector output value MCDO versus therelative phase angle PA of the reference and feedback event clocks indegrees. In all cases a single-wire output from the combinatorial blockCMB is assumed, leading to a core linear range of +/−180 degrees.

FIG. 20A shows the output signal CDO when no frame locking is enabled,e.g. as the output of the embodiment shown in FIG. 19A, without thefourth flancter F4. The mean output MCDO moves high when the phase anglePA moves positive, and it moves low when the phase angle PA movesnegative. When there is no phase angle PA, i.e. the signals are lockedto each other, the mean output MCDO is zero. As the phase detector hasno knowledge of frame synchronization, it is impossible to determinewhether the phase angle is measured between two corresponding edges.Therefore it has no meaning to measure phase angles greater than 180degrees, as this also corresponds to a measure of −180 degrees from thenext clock event. To illustrate this dilemma, several possible graphsfor the output value are shown in FIG. 20A.

FIG. 20B shows the situation when the full embodiment of FIG. 19A or 19Bis implemented. Because of the frame locking ability, the phase detectorknows which clock events from each input signal corresponds to eachother. Thus it makes sense to measure phase angles much greater than 180degrees, and therefore the output stays high when the phase angle PAremains positive, and is stays low when the phase angle PA remainsnegative. The mean output MCDO only equals zero when both frame andclock are locked.

When the frame length N is large, the transfer characteristic of FIG.20B may lead to slow locking or even instability. This is because thesaturation at phase angles beyond +/−180 degrees lowers the effectiveloop gain. This may result in the phase angle PA swinging from side toside of zero degrees, with a very low damping factor. To improve dampingand locking speed, a hysteretic transfer characteristic may beimplemented. One such characteristic is shown in FIG. 20C. The meanoutput MCDO has different values depending not only on the phase anglePA being negative or positive, but also on the direction of the phaseangle development, i.e. if it is growing or shrinking. When the phaseangle is e.g. 360 degrees and growing, the mean output MCDO has a highpositive value, but if it is e.g. 360 degrees and falling, the meanoutput MCDO has a less-high positive value. This behaviour introduces aphase advance that improves the loop dynamics.

1. Method of establishing an output clock signal on a basis of an input timing reference, said method comprising: attenuating jitter of said input timing reference to produce a control signal, providing at least one intermediate clock signal on a basis of said control signal, at least one of said intermediate clock signals being justified to a local clock and being spectrum controlled, and providing said output clock signal on a basis of said at least one intermediate clock signal by attenuating jitter of said at least one intermediate clock signal.
 2. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 1, whereby said at least one intermediate clock signal is an anisochronous signal.
 3. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 1, whereby at least a part of the jitter of said at least one intermediate clock signal comprises justification jitter originating from said justification to said local clock.
 4. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 1, whereby said justification and spectrum control is performed numerically.
 5. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 1, whereby said attenuation of jitter of said input timing reference is performed by using low-pass filtering.
 6. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 1, whereby said justification is performed by means of a number-controlled oscillator.
 7. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 6, whereby a control input of said number-controlled oscillator comprises a period control input.
 8. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 1, whereby said spectrum control comprises dithering.
 9. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 1, whereby said spectrum control comprises noise shaping.
 10. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 1, whereby said local clock is derived from or comprises a stable reference clock.
 11. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 1, whereby said local clock is derived from or comprises an asynchronous stable reference clock.
 12. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 11, whereby said asynchronous stable reference clock comprises a crystal oscillator.
 13. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 1, whereby said local clock is derived from said output clock signal.
 14. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 1, whereby said attenuation of jitter of said input timing reference is performed by means of a first block, which preferably comprises a time-locked loop, with reference to an asynchronous stable reference clock.
 15. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 1, whereby at least a part of said justification jitter is biased into a higher frequency band.
 16. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 1, whereby said justification jitter is low-pass filtered by means of a second block, which preferably comprises a phase-locked loop.
 17. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 16, whereby said second block produces a multiplied clock.
 18. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 17, whereby said second block further produces a frame signal, said frame signal being established by means of frequency division of said multiplied clock.
 19. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 1, whereby each of said intermediate clock signals is established by means of at least one numeric stage.
 20. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 19, whereby said attenuating jitter of said at least one intermediate clock signal is performed by means of at least one analog stage.
 21. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 20, whereby said at least one analog stage is adapted for attenuating jitter partly or mainly originating from said at least one numeric stage.
 22. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 1, whereby each of said intermediate clock signals is justified to a corresponding local clock and justification jitter associated with said justification to said local clock is spectrum controlled.
 23. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 1, whereby at least one of said intermediate clock signals comprises an intermediate event clock component and an intermediate framing component, said intermediate framing being established on a basis of said intermediate event clock by means of frequency division.
 24. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 1, whereby said output clock signal comprises an output event clock component and an output framing component, said output framing being established on a basis of said output event clock by means of frequency division.
 25. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 16, whereby said second block comprises an asynchrony detector.
 26. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 1, whereby said output clock signal is phase locked to said input timing reference.
 27. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 1, whereby said output clock signal is frequency locked to said input timing reference.
 28. Method of establishing an output clock signal according to claim 1, whereby said output clock signal is frequency ratio locked to said input timing reference.
 29. Clock synchronizer for establishment of an output clock signal according to claim
 1. 30. Clock synchronizer for establishment of an output clock signal according to claim 29, further comprising a number-controlled oscillator.
 31. Clock synchronizer for establishment of an output clock signal according to claim 29, further comprising a circuit for attenuating jitter of an input timing reference, said circuit comprising a number-controlled oscillator adapted for establishment of an intermediate clock signal on a basis of said input timing reference.
 32. Clock synchronizer for establishment of an output clock signal according to claim 31, further comprising jitter filtering means adapted for providing said output clock signal on a basis of said intermediate clock signal.
 33. Method of establishing an event clock comprising a stream of event-clock pulses on a basis of a master clock and on a basis of a stream of period control representations, values of said period control representations representing a desired period of said event clock with respect to that of a master clock, whereby each of said event-clock pulses is established on a basis of an associated master-clock pointer, in which said master-clock pointers form a stream of master-clock pointers, which stream is derived from said stream of period control representations by a process which comprises accumulation and resolution reduction and where an error signal associated with said resolution reduction is spectrum controlled.
 34. Number-controlled oscillator comprising an input for a period control signal, an input for a master clock signal, an output for an event clock signal, and a resolution reducer with error signal spectrum control, wherein values of said period control signal represent a desired period of said event clock signal with respect to that of said master clock signal, and wherein said number-controlled oscillator further comprises an accumulator and a clock renderer, wherein said accumulator and said resolution reducer are arranged to establish a stream of master clock pointers on a basis of said period control signal and said clock renderer is arranged to establish said event clock signal on a basis of said stream of master clock pointers and said master clock signal according to the method of claim
 33. 35. Method of establishing at least one output signal on a basis of at least two input signals, where said input signals each comprise at least a first component and a second component, and where said output signal is established fully or partly on a basis of an asynchrony of said first components of at least two of said input signals when at least one first predefined criterion is fulfilled, and where said output signal is established fully or partly on a basis of an asynchrony of said second components of at least two of said input signals when at least one second predefined criterion is fulfilled.
 36. Asynchrony detector comprising a first signal input arranged to receive a first input signal comprising a first component and a second component; a second signal input arranged to receive a second input signal comprising a first component and a second component; a signal output; and a combined detector arranged to establish an output signal on the signal output; wherein the combined detector is arranged to establish the output signal on a basis of an asynchrony of said first components of the first and second input signals when a first predefined criterion is fulfilled; and wherein the combined detector is arranged to establish the output signal on a basis of an asynchrony of said second components of the first and second input signals when a second predefined criterion is fulfilled. 